Fatty acid elongases

ABSTRACT

Nucleic acids are disclosed that encode fatty acid β-keto acyl synthases from plants. Such synthases are effective for producing very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), e.g., C22 to C26, preferentially saturated but also monounsaturated. Also disclosed are polypeptides encoded by such nucleic acids. Transgenic plants expressing these polypeptides exhibit altered levels of VLCFA in one or more tissues, such as seeds or leaves.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to fatty acid elongase complexes and nucleic acids encoding elongase proteins. More particularly, the invention relates to nucleic acids encoding β-keto acyl synthase proteins that are effective for producing very long chain fatty acids, polypeptides produced from such nucleic acids and transgenic plants expressing such nucleic acids.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Plants are known to synthesize very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). VLCFAs are saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with an unbranched even-numbered carbon chain that is greater than 18 carbons in length. Many VLCFAs are 20-32 carbons in length, but VLCFAs can be up to 60 carbons in length. Important VLCFAs include erucic acid (22:1, i.e., a 22 carbon chain with one double bond), nervonic acid (24:1), behenic acid (22:0), and arachidic acid (20:0).

Plant seeds accumulate mostly 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids. VLCFAs are not desirable in edible oils. Oilseeds of the Crucifereae (e.g., rapeseed) and a few other plants, however, accumulate C20 and C22 fatty acids (FAs). Although plant breeders have developed rapeseed lines that have low levels of VLCFAs for edible oil purposes, even lower levels would be desirable. On the other hand, vegetable oils having elevated levels of VLCFAs are desirable for certain industrial uses, including uses as lubricants, fuels and as a feedstock for plastics, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

The biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids up to an 18-carbon chain occurs in the chloroplast. C2 units from acyl thioesters are linked sequentially, beginning with the condensation of acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA) and malonyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) to form a C4 acyl fatty acid. This condensation reaction is catalyzed by a β-ketoacyl synthase III (KASIII). β-ketoacyl moieties are also referred to as 3-ketoacyl moieties.

The enzyme β-ketoacyl synthase I (KASI) is involved in the addition of C2 groups to form the C6 to C16 saturated fatty acids. KASI catalyzes the stepwise condensation of a fatty acyl moiety (C4 to C14) with malonyl-ACP to produce a 3-ketoacyl-ACP product that is 2 carbons longer than the substrate. The last condensation reaction in the chloroplast, converting C16 to C18, is catalyzed by β-ketoacyl synthase II (KASII).

Each elongation cycle involves three additional enzymatic steps in addition to the condensation reaction as discussed above. Briefly, the β-ketoacyl condensation product is reduced to β-hydroxyacyl-ACP, dehydrated to the enoyl-ACP, and finally reduced to a fully reduced acyl-ACP. The fully reduced fatty acyl-ACP reaction product then serves as the substrate for the next cycle of elongation.

The C18 saturated fatty acid (stearic acid, 18:0) can be transported out of the chloroplast and converted to the monounsaturate C18:1 (oleic acid), and the polyunsaturates C18:2 (linoleic acid) and C18:3 (α-linolenic acid). C18:0 and C18:1 can also be elongated outside the chloroplast to form VLCFAs. The formation of VLCFAs involves the sequential condensation of two carbon groups from malonyl CoA with a C18:0 or C18:1 fatty acid substrate. Elongation of fatty acids longer than 18 carbons depends on the activity of a fatty acid elongase complex to carry out four separate enzyme reactions similar to those described above for fatty acid synthesis in the chloroplast. Fehling, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1082:239-246 (1991). In plants, elongase complexes are distinct from fatty acid synthases since elongases are extraplastidial and membrane bound.

Mutations have been identified in an Arabidopsis gene associated with fatty acid elongation. This gene, designated the FAE1 gene, is involved in the condensation step of an elongation cycle. See, WO 96/13582, incorporated herein by reference. Plants carrying a mutation in FAE1 have significant decreases in the levels of VLCFAs in seeds. Genes associated with wax biosynthesis in jojoba have also been cloned and sequenced (WO 95/15387, incorporated herein by reference).

Very long chain fatty acids are key components of many biologically important compounds in animals, plants, and microorganisms. For example, in animals, the VLCFA arachidonic acid is a precursor to many prostaglandins. In plants VLCFAs are major constituents of triacylglycerols in many seed oils, are essential precursors for cuticular wax production, and are utilized in the synthesis of glycosylceramides, an important component of the plasma membrane.

Obtaining detailed information on the biochemistry of KAS enzymes has been hampered by the difficulties encountered when purifying membrane bound enzymes. Although elongase activities have been partially purified from a number of sources, or studied using cell fractions, the elucidation of the biochemistry of elongase complexes has been hampered by the complexity of the membrane fractions used as the enzyme source. For example, until recently, it was unclear as to whether plant elongase complexes were composed of a multifunctional polypeptide similar to the FAS found in animals and yeast, or if the complexes existed as discrete and dissociable enzymes similar to the FAS of plants and bacteria. Partial purification of an elongase KAS, immunoblot identification of the hydroxy acyl dehydrase, and the recent cloning of a KAS gene (FAEL) suggest that the enzyme activities of elongase complexes exist on individual enzymes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention disclosed herein relates to an isolated polynucleotide selected from one of the following: SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:5; SEQ ID NO:7; SEQ ID NO:9; SEQ ID NO:11; SEQ ID NO:13; an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, or 15; and a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence complementary to one of the above. The polynucleotide can also be a nucleic acid fragment of one of the above sequences that is at least 15 nucleotides in length and that hybridizes under stringent conditions to genomic DNA encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, or SEQ ID NO:14.

Also disclosed herein is an isolated polypeptide that has an amino acid sequence substantially identical to one of the following: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, or SEQ ID NO:14. Also disclosed are isolated polynucleotides encoding polypeptides substantially identical in their amino acid sequence to: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, or SEQ ID NO:14.

The invention also relates to a transgenic plant containing a nucleic acid construct. The nucleic acid construct comprises a polynucleotide described above. The construct further comprises a regulatory element operably linked to the polynucleotide. The regulatory element may a tissue-specific promoter, for example, an epidermal cell-specific promoter or a seed-specific promoter. The regulatory element may be operably linked to the polynucleotide in sense or antisense orientation. The plant has altered levels of very long chain fatty acids in tissues where the polynucleotide is expressed, compared to a parental plant lacking the nucleic acid construct.

A method is disclosed for altering the levels of very long chain fatty acids in a plant. The method comprises the steps of creating a nucleic acid construct and introducing the construct into the plant. The construct includes a polynucleotide selected from one of the following: SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:5; SEQ ID NO:7; SEQ ID NO:9; SEQ ID NO:11; SEQ ID NO:13; an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, or 15; and a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence complementary to one of the above. The polynucleotide can also be a nucleic acid fragment of one of the above that is at least 15 nucleotides in length and that hybridizes under stringent conditions to genomic DNA encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, or SEQ ID NO:14. The polynucleotide is effective for altering the levels of very long chain fatty acids in the plant.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the time course of in vitro VLCFA synthesis by FAE1 expressed in yeast, with 3 different acyl-CoA substrates.

FIG. 2 shows the rates of in vitro VLCFA synthesis and the VLCFA profiles of FAE1 expressed in yeast, with 3 different acyl-CoA substrates.

FIG. 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the Arabidopsis EL1 polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:1).

FIG. 4 shows the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) for the EL1 coding sequence of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 shows the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the Arabidopsis EL2 polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:3).

FIG. 6 shows the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) for the EL2 coding sequence of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 shows the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the Arabidopsis EL3 polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:5).

FIG. 8 shows the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:6) for the EL3 coding sequence of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 shows the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the Arabidopsis EL4 polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:7).

FIG. 10 shows the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8) for the EL4 coding sequence of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 shows the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the Arabidopsis EL5 polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:9).

FIG. 12 shows the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:10) for the EL5 coding sequence of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 shows the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the Arabidopsis EL6 polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:11).

FIG. 14 shows the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:12) for the EL6 coding sequence of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 shows the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the Arabidopsis EL7 polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:13).

FIG. 16 shows the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) for the EL7 coding sequence of FIG. 15.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention comprises isolated nucleic acids (polynucleotides) that encode polypeptides having β-ketoacyl synthase activity. The novel polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention are involved in the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids and are useful for modulating the total amounts of such fatty acids and the specific VLCFA profile in plants.

A polynucleotide of the invention may be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA, including cDNA, synthetic DNA or genomic DNA. The DNA may be double-stranded or single-stranded, and if single-stranded, can be either the coding strand or non-coding strand. An RNA analog may be, for example, mRNA or a combination of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides. Illustrative examples of a polynucleotide of the invention are shown in FIGS. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15.

A polynucleotide of the invention typically is at least 15 nucleotides (or base pairs, bp) in length. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is about 20 to 100 nucleotides in length, or about 100 to 500 nucleotides in length. In other embodiments, a polynucleotide is greater than about 1500 nucleotides in length and encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide of the invention encodes analogs or derivatives of a polypeptide having the deduced amino acid sequence of FIGS. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16. Such fragments, analogs or derivatives include, for example, naturally occurring allelic variants, non-naturally occurring allelic variants, deletion variants and insertion variants, that do not substantially alter the function of the polypeptide.

A polynucleotide of the invention may further comprise additional nucleic acids. For example, a nucleic acid fragment encoding a secretory or leading amino acid sequence can be fused in-frame to the amino terminal end of one of the EL1 through EL7 polypeptides. Other nucleic acid fragments are known in the art that encode amino acid sequences useful for fusing in-frame to the KAS polypeptides disclosed herein. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,193 incorporated herein by reference. A polynucleotide may further comprise one or more regulatory elements operably linked to a KAS polynucleotide disclosed herein.

The present invention also comprises polynucleotides that hybridize to a KAS polynucleotide disclosed herein. Such a polynucleotide typically is at least 15 nucleotides in length. Hybridization typically involves Southern analysis (Southern blotting), a method by which the presence of DNA sequences in a target nucleic acid mixture are identified by hybridization to a labeled oligonucleotide or DNA fragment probe. Southern analysis typically involves electrophoretic separation of DNA digests on agarose gels, denaturation of the DNA after electrophoretic separation, and transfer of the DNA to nitrocellulose, nylon, or another suitable membrane support for analysis with a radiolabeled, biotinylated, or enzyme-labeled probe as described in sections 9.37-9.52 of Sambrook et al., (1989) Molecular Cloning, second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview; N.Y.

A polynucleotide can hybridize under moderate stringency conditions or, preferably, under high stringency conditions to a KAS polynucleotide disclosed herein. High stringency conditions are used to identify nucleic acids that have a high degree of homology to the probe. High stringency conditions can include the use of low ionic strength and high temperature for washing, for example, 0.015 M NaCl/0.0015 M sodium citrate (0.1×SSC); 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) at 65° C. Alternatively, a denaturing agent such as formamide can be employed during hybridization, e.g., 50% formamide with 0.1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate at 42° C. Another example is the use of 50% formamide, 5×SSC (0.75 M NaCl, 0.075 M sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 5×Denhardt's solution, sonicated salmon sperm DNA (50 pg/ml), 0.1% SDS, and 10% dextran sulfate at 42° C., with washes at 42° C. in 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS.

Moderate stringency conditions refers to hybridization conditions used to identify nucleic acids that have a lower degree of identity to the probe than do nucleic acids identified under high stringency conditions. Moderate stringency conditions can include the use of higher ionic strength and/or lower temperatures for washing of the hybridization membrane, compared to the ionic strength and temperatures used for high stringency hybridization. For example, a wash solution comprising 0.060 M NaCl/0.0060 M sodium citrate (4×SSC) and 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) can be used at 50° C., with a last wash in 1×SSC, at 65° C. Alternatively, a hybridization wash in 1×SSC at 37° C. can be used.

Hybridization can also be done by Northern analysis (Northern blotting), a method used to identify RNAs that hybridize to a known probe such as an oligonucleotide, DNA fragment, CDNA or fragment thereof, or RNA fragment. The probe is labeled with a radioisotope such as ³²P, by biotinylation or with an enzyme. The RNA to be analyzed can be usually electrophoretically separated on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel, transferred to nitrocellulose, nylon, or other suitable membrane, and hybridized with the probe, using standard techniques well known in the art such as those described in sections 7.39-7.52 of Sambrook et al., supra.

A polynucleotide has at least about 70% sequence identity, preferably at least about 80% sequence identity, more preferably at least about 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, or 13. Sequence identity can be determined, for example, by computer programs designed to perform single and multiple sequence alignments.

A polynucleotide of the invention can be obtained by chemical synthesis, isolation and cloning from plant genomic DNA or other means known to the art, including the use of PCR technology carried out using oligonucleotides corresponding to portions of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7-9, 11 or 13. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) refers to a procedure or technique in which target nucleic acid is amplified in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195, incorporated herein by reference, and subsequent modifications of the procedure described therein. Generally, sequence information from the ends of the region of interest or beyond is employed to design oligonucleotide primers that are identical or similar in sequence to opposite strands of the template to be amplified. PCR can be used to amplify specific RNA sequences, specific DNA sequences from total genomic DNA, and cDNA transcribed from total cellular RNA, bacteriophage or plasmid sequences, and the like. Alternately, a cDNA library (in an expression vector) can be screened with KAS-specific antibody prepared using peptide sequence(s) from hydrophilic regions of the KAS protein of SEQ ID NO:2 and technology known in the art.

A polypeptide of the invention comprises an isolated polypeptide having the deduced amino acid sequence of FIGS. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12, as well as derivatives and analogs thereof. By “isolated” is meant a polypeptide that is expressed and produced in an environment other than the environment in which the polypeptide is naturally expressed and produced. For example, a plant polypeptide is isolated when expressed and produced in bacteria or fungi. Similarly, a plant polypeptide is isolated when its gene coding sequence is operably linked to a chimeric regulatory element and expressed in a tissue where the polypeptide is not naturally expressed. A polypeptide of the invention also comprises variants of the KAS polypeptides disclosed herein, as discussed above.

A full-length KAS coding sequence may comprise the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 or 13. Alternatively, a chimeric full-length KAS coding sequence may be formed by linking, in-frame, nucleotides from the 5′ region of a first KAS gene to nucleotides from the 3′ region a of a second KAS gene, thereby forming a chimeric KAS protein.

It should be appreciated that nucleic acid fragments having a nucleotide sequence other than the KAS sequences disclosed in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 or 13 will encode a polypeptide having the exemplified amino acid coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14, respectively. The degeneracy of the genetic code is well-known to the art; i.e., for many amino acids, there is more than one nucleotide triplet which serves as the codon for the amino acid.

It should also be appreciated that certain amino acid substitutions can be made in protein sequences without affecting the function of the protein. Generally, conservative amino acid substitutions or substitutions of similar amino acids are tolerated without affecting protein function. Similar amino acids can be those that are similar in size and/or charge properties, for example, aspartate and glutamate and isoleucine and valine are both pairs of similar amino acids. Similarity between amino acid pairs has been assessed in the art in a number of ways. For example, Dayhoff et al. (1978) in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, Vol. 5, Suppl. 3, pp. 345-352, which is incorporated by reference herein, provides frequency tables for amino acid substitutions which can be employed as a measure of amino acid similarity.

A nucleic acid construct of the invention comprises a polynucleotide as disclosed herein linked to another, different polynucleotide. For example, a full-length KAS coding sequence may be operably fused in-frame to a nucleic acid fragment that encodes a leader sequence, secretory sequence or other additional amino acid sequences that may be usefully linked to a polypeptide or peptide fragment.

A transgenic plant of the invention contains a nucleic acid construct as described herein. In some embodiments, a transgenic plant contains a nucleic acid construct that comprises a polynucleotide of the invention operably linked to at least one suitable regulatory sequence in sense orientation. Regulatory sequences typically do not themselves code for a gene product. Instead, regulatory sequences affect the expression level of the polynucleotide to which they are linked. Examples of regulatory sequences are known in the art and include, without limitation, minimal promoters and promoters of genes preferentially or exclusively expressed in seeds or in epidermal cells of stems and leaves. Native regulatory sequences of the polynucleotides disclosed herein can be readily isolated by those skilled in the art and used in constructs of the invention. Other examples of suitable regulatory sequences include enhancers or enhancer-like elements, introns, 3′ non-coding regions such as poly A sequences and other regulatory sequences discussed herein. Molecular biology techniques for preparing such chimeric genes are known in the art.

In other embodiments, a transgenic plant contains a nucleic acid construct comprising a partial or a full-length KAS coding sequence operably linked to at least one suitable regulatory sequence in antisense orientation. The chimeric gene can be introduced into a plant and transgenic progeny displaying expression of the antisense construct are identified.

One may use a polynucleotide disclosed herein for cosuppression as well as for antisense inhibition. Cosuppression of genes in plants may be achieved by expressing, in the sense orientation, the entire or partial coding sequence of a gene. See, e.g., WO 94/11516, incorporated herein by reference.

Transgenic techniques for use in the invention include, without limitation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, viral vector-mediated transformation electroporation and particle gun transformation. Illustrative examples of transformation techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,253, (particle gun) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,958 (Agrobacterium), incorporated herein by reference. Transformation methods utilizing the Ti and Ri plasmids of Agrobacterium spp. typically use binary-type vectors. Walkerpeach, C. et al., in Plant Molecular Biology Manual, S. Gelvin and R. Schilperoort, eds., Kluwer Dordrecht, C1:1-19 (1994). If cell or tissue cultures are used as the recipient tissue for transformation, plants can be regenerated from transformed cultures by techniques known to those skilled in the art.

Techniques are known for the introduction of DNA into monocots as well as dicots, as are the techniques for culturing such plant tissues and regenerating those tissues. Monocots which have been successfully transformed and regenerated include wheat, corn, rye, rice, and asparagus. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,484,956 and 5,550,318, incorporated herein by reference.

For efficient production of transgenic plants from plant cells, it is desirable that the plant tissue used for transformation possess a high capacity for regeneration. Transgenic plants of woody species such as poplar and aspen have also been obtained. Technology is also available for the manipulation, transformation, and regeneration of gymnosperm plants. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,466 describes the biolistic transformation of conifers, with preferred target tissue being meristematic and cotyledon and hypocotyl tissues. U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,382 describes enrichment of conifer embryonal cells.

Seeds produced by a transgenic plant(s) can be grown and then selfed (or outcrossed and selfed) to obtain seeds homozygous for the construct. Seeds can be analyzed in order to identify those homozygotes having the desired expression of the construct. Transgenic plants may be entered into a breeding program, e.g., to introgress the novel construct into other lines, to transfer the construct to other species, or for further selection of other desirable traits. Alternatively, transgenic plants may be propagated vegetatively for those species amenable to such techniques. A nucleic acid construct of the invention can alter the levels of very long chain fatty acids in plant tissues expressing the polynucleotide, compared to VLCFA levels in corresponding tissues from an otherwise identical plant not expressing the polynucleotide. A comparison can be made, for example, between a non-transgenic plant of a plant line and a transgenic plant of the same plant line. Levels of VLCFAs having 20-32 carbons and/or levels of VLCFAs having 32-60 carbons can be altered in plants disclosed herein. Plants having an altered VLCFA composition may be identified by techniques known to the skilled artisan, e.g., thin layer chromatography or gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the appropriate plant tissue.

A suitable group of plants with which to practice the invention are the Brassica species, including B. napus, B. rapa, B.juncea, and B. hirta. Other suitable plants include, without limitation, soybean (Glycine max), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and corn (Zea mays).

A method according to the invention comprises introducing a nucleic acid construct into a plant cell and producing a plant (as well as progeny of such a plant) from the transformed cell. Progeny includes descendants of a particular plant or plant line, e.g., seeds developed on an instant plant are descendants. Progeny of an instant plant include seeds formed on F₁, F₂, F₃, and subsequent generation plants, or seeds formed on BC₁, BC₂, BC₃, and subsequent generation plants.

Methods and compositions according to the invention are useful in that the resulting plants and plant lines have desirable alterations in very long chain fatty acid composition. Suitable tissues in which to express polynucleotides and/or polypeptides of the invention include, without limitation, seeds, stems and leaves. Leaf tissues of interest include cells and tissues of the epidermis, e.g., cells that are involved in forming trichomes. Of particular interest are epidermal cells involved in forming the cuticular layer. The cuticular layer comprises various very long chain fatty acids and VLCFA derivatives such as alkanes, esters, alcohols and aldehydes. Altering the composition and amount of VLCFAs in epidermal cells and tissues may enhance defense mechanisms and drought tolerance of plants disclosed herein.

Polynucleotides of the invention can be used as markers in plant genetic mapping and plant breeding programs. Such markers may include RFLP, RAPD, or PCR markers, for example. Marker-assisted breeding techniques may be used to identify and follow a desired fatty acid composition during the breeding process. Marker-assisted breeding techniques may be used in addition to, or as an alternative to, other sorts of identification techniques. An example of marker-assisted breeding is the use of PCR primers that specifically amplify a sequence from a desired KAS that has been introduced into a plant line and is being crossed into other plant lines.

Plants and plant lines disclosed herein preferably have superior agronomic properties. Superior agronomic characteristics include, for example, increased seed germination percentage, increased seedling vigor, increased resistance to seedling fungal diseases (damping off, root rot and the like), increased yield, and improved standability.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, certain specific embodiments thereof are described in the general methods and examples set forth below. It should be understood, however, that these examples are not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed but, instead the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Cloning and Expression of FAE1 in Yeast Cells

The open reading frame of the Arabidopsis FAE1 gene was amplified directly by PCR, using Arabidopsis thaliana cv. Columbia genomic DNA as a template, pfu DNA polymerase and the following primers: 5′ CTCGAGGAGCAATGACGTCCGTTAA-3′ and 5′-CTCGAGTTAGGACCGACCGTTTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:15 and 16, respectively. The PCR product was blunt-end cloned into the Eco RV site of pBluescript (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.),

The FAE1 gene was excised from the Bluescript vector with BamH1, and then subcloned into the pYEUra3 (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). pYEUra3 is a yeast centromere-containing, episomal plasmid that is propagated stably through cell division. The FAE1 gene was inserted downstream of a GAL1 promoter in pYEUra3. The GAL1 promoter is induced when galactose is present in the medium and repressed when glucose is present in the growth medium.

Insertion of the FAE1 gene in the sense orientation was confirmed by PCR, and pYEUra3/FAE1 was used to transform Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain AB1380 using a lithium acetate procedure as described in Gietz, R. and Woods, R., in Molecular Genetics of Yeast: Practical Approaches, Oxford Press, pp. 121-134 (1994). Plasmid DNA was isolated from putative transformants, and the presence of the FAE1/pYEUra3 construct was confirmed by Southern analysis.

Yeast transformed with pYEUra3 having FAE1 operably linked to the GAL1 promoter were grown in the presence of galactose or glucose and were analyzed for the expression of FAE1. As a control, yeast transformed with pYEUra3 containing no insert were also assayed. Analysis of such control preparations yielded fatty acid compositions and fatty acid elongation rates similar to those of yeast transformed with pYEUra3/FAE1 and grown with glucose as the carbon source.

The fatty acid composition of yeast cells grown in the presence of galactose was compared to that of cells grown in the presence of glucose, to determine if VLCFA were found in the galactose-induced cells.

Transformed yeast cells were grown overnight in YPD media at 30° C. with vigorous shaking. One hundred μl of the overnight culture were used to inoculate 40 ml of complete minimal uracil dropout media (CM-Ura) supplemented with either glucose or galactose (2% w/v). Cultures were grown at 30° C. to an OD₆₀₀ of approximately 1.3 to 1.5. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000×g for 10 min. Total lipids were extracted from the cells with 2 volumes of 4N KOH in 100% methanol for 60 min. at 80° C. Fatty acids were saponified and methyl esters were prepared by drying the samples and resuspending in 0.5 ml of boron trichloride in methanol (10% v/v). Samples were incubated at 50° C. for 15 min in a sealed tube. About 2 ml of water was then added and the fatty methyl esters were extracted thrice with 1 ml of hexane. Extracts were dried under nitrogen and redissolved in hexane. See Hlousek-Radojcic, A. et al., Plant J. 8:803-809. Methyl esters were analyzed on an HP 5890 series II gas chromatograph equipped with a 5771MSD and 7673 auto injector (Hewlett-Packard, Cincinnati, Ohio). Methyl esters were separated on a DB-23 (J&W Scientific) capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm). The column was operated with helium carrier gas and splitless injection (injection temperature 280° C., detector temperature 280° C.). After an initial 3 min. at 100° C., the oven temperature was raised to 250° at 20° C. min⁻¹ and maintained at that temperature for an additional 3 min. The identity of the peaks was verified by cochromatography with authentic standards and by mass spectrometer analysis.

The results clearly revealed the appearance of both 20:1 and 22:1 acyl-CoA products in galactose-induced yeast containing the FAE1 coding sequence. Uninduced yeast cells failed to accumulated significant amounts of fatty acids longer than C18. These results indicate that expression of FAE1 in yeast resulted in functional KAS activity and functional elongase activity.

Example 2 FAE1 Activity in Yeast Microsomes

The functional expression of the FAE1 KAS was analyzed by isolating microsomes from transformed yeast cells and assaying these microsomes in vitro for elongase activity.

Transformed yeast cells were grown in the presence of either glucose or galactose (2% w/v) as described in Example 1. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000×g for 10 min and washed with 10 ml ice cold isolation buffer (IB), which contains 80 mM Hepes-KOH, pH 7.2, 5 mM EGTA, 5 mM EDTA, 10 mM KCl, 320 mM sucrose and 2 mM DTT). Cells were then resuspended in enough IB to fill a 1.7 ml tube containing 700 μl of 0.5 μm glass beads and yeast microsomes were isolated from the cells essentially as described in Tillman, T. and Bell, R., J. Biol. Chem. 261:9144-9149 (1986). The microsomal membrane pellet was recovered by centrifugation at 252,000×g for 60 min. The pellet was rinsed by resuspending in 40 ml fresh IB and again recovered by centrifugation at 252000×g for 60 min. Microsomal pellets were resuspended in a minimal volume of IB, and the protein concentration adjusted to 2.5 μg μl⁻¹ by addition of IB containing 15% glycerol. Microsomes were frozen on dry ice and stored at −80° C. The protein concentration in microsomes was determined by the Bradford method (Bradford, 1976).

Fatty acid elongase activity was measured essentially as described in Hlousek-Radojcic, A. et al., Plant J. 8:803-809 (1995). Briefly, the standard elongation reaction mix contained 80 mM Hepes-KOH, pH 7.2, 20 mM MgCl₂, 500 μM NADPH, 1 mM ATP, 100 uM malonyl-CoA, 10 μM COA-SH and 15 μM radioactive acyl-CoA substrate. The radiolabeled substrate was either [1⁻¹⁴C]18:1-CoA (50 uCi μmol⁻¹), [1⁻¹⁴C] 18:0-CoA (55 uCi μmol⁻¹), or [1⁻¹⁴C] 16:0-COA (54 uCi μmol⁻¹). The reaction was initiated by the addition of yeast microsomes (5 μg protein) and the mixture incubated at 30° C. for the indicated period of time. The final reaction volume was 25 μl.

Methyl esters of the acyl-CoA elongation products were prepared as described in Example 1. Methyl esters were separated on reversed phase silica gel KC18 TLC plates (Whatman, 250 uM thick), quantified by phosphorimaging, and analyzed on by ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.). The detection limit for each product is about 0.001 nanomoles per min. per mg microsomal protein, depending on the phosphorimage exposure time.

Results of representative in vitro elongation assays are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The results indicate that microsomes from galactose-induced cells expressing FAE1 catalyzed multiple cycles of elongation starting with either C16:0 acyl CoA, C18:0 acyl CoA, or C18:1 acyl-CoA as the substrate (FIG. 1). The 16:0 and 18:0 acyl-CoA substrates were elongated to C26:0 acyl-CoA. In contrast, the 18:1-CoA substrate was elongated primarily to C20:1, with only low levels of C22:1 acyl-CoA being produced. occasionally, trace levels of C24:1 CoA were also observed. Although the chain length of the products from the 18:1 acyl-CoA substrate were less than the chain length from the saturated acyl-CoA substrates, the rate of elongation of oleoyl-CoA was about 2- and 3-fold higher than the rates of elongation of 16:0-CoA and 18:0-CoA, respectively.

The elongation activity observed in microsomes from uninduced cells indicated that there was a low level of endogenous elongase activity when 18:1-CoA or 18:0-CoA were used as substrates. There was substantial 16:0-CoA elongase activity (10.1 nmol mg protein⁻¹ at 30 min) in microsomes from uninduced cells (FIG. 2). However, the major product of 16:0 elongation using uninduced microsomes was C18:0 acyl CoA, with only small amounts of products beyond this length. The elongation of the 16:0 acyl-CoA substrate presumably is due to an endogenous yeast elongase.

Elongation of 18:1 CoA by microsomes from induced cells occurred at a rate about 18-fold higher than in microsomes isolated from the uninduced cells (FIG. 2). With microsomes from induced yeast, synthesis of 20:0 CoA from the 16:0 CoA substrate, occurred at a rate similar to that seen when the substrate was 18:0 CoA (4.2 vs. 5.1 nmol mg protein⁻¹) . The total rate of elongation of [¹⁴C] 16:0-CoA by microsomes from induced cells (15.8 nmol mg protein⁻¹ at 30 min.) was more than 50% higher than elongation of [¹⁴C] 16:0-CoA by microsomes from uninduced cells, suggesting that the FAE1 KAS utilized 16:0-CoA as a substrate in addition to C18-C24 acyl-CoAs. The FAE1 elongase KAS activity, i.e., the difference in the 16:0 elongation rates between microsomes from induced and uninduced cells, was 5.7 nmol mg protein⁻¹. The elongation rate with the 16:0 substrate thus was similar to the elongase activity of the FAE1 elongase KAS with the 18:0 substrate.

These results indicate that FAE1 KAS expressed in yeast could synthesize 3-ketoacyl-CoA in vitro and, in combination with yeast reductases and dehydrases, could form a functional VLCFA elongase complex. In addition, these results suggest that FAE1 is membrane-bound in yeast cells.

Example 3 Cloning and Sequencing of Arabidopsis Elongase Genes

The sequence of a jojoba seed cDNA (see WO 93/10241 and WO 95/15387, incorporated herein by reference) was used to search the Arabidopsis expressed sequence tag (EST) database of the Arabidopsis Genome Stock Center (The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio). The BLAST computer program (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA) was used to perform the search. The search identified two ESTs (ATTS1282 and ATTS3218) that had a high degree of sequence identity with the jojoba sequence. The ATTS1282 and ATTS3218 ESTs appeared to be partial cDNA clones rather than full-length clones based on the length of the jojoba sequence.

A genomic DNA library from Arabidopsis thaliana cv. Columbia, was prepared in the lambda GEM11 vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and was obtained from Ron Davis, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. The library was hybridized with ATTS1282 and ATTS3218 as probes and 2 clones were identified for each EST. Phage DNA was isolated from each of the hybridizing clones, the genomic insert was excised with the restriction enzyme Sac I and subcloned into the plasmid pBluescript (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). One clone from the ATTS1282 hybridization was designated EL1 and one clone from the ATTS3218 hybridization was designated EL2.

A yeast expression library, containing cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana cv. Columbia, was prepared in the lambda YES expression vector described in Elledge et al. (Elledge, S. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 88:1731-1735 (1991) and was obtained from Ron Davis at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. The library was hybridized with a EL2 partial cDNA probe. A full-length EL2 cDNA was not identified. However, the probe did identify a full-length cDNA which was designated EL3.

A consensus sequence for the C-terminal region of EL1, EL2 and the jojoba cDNA polypeptides was identified by sequence alignment using DNA analysis programs from DNAStar, Madison, Wis. This consensus sequence was used to search the Arabidopsis EST database again for β-keto acyl synthase sequences. These searches identified four additional putative β-keto acyl synthase ESTs, which were designated EL4 through EL7. EL4, EL5, EL6, and EL7 have homology to Genbank Accession Nos. T04345, T44939, T22193 and T76700, respectively.

The lambda YES cDNA expression library described above was hybridized with the EL1 and EL4-EL7 ESTs as probes. This screen identified full-length cDNAs for EL1, EL5 and EL6.

The lambda GEM11 genomic library was hybridized with the EL4 and EL7 ESTs as probes. This screen identified full-length genomic clones for EL4 and EL7. Phage DNA was isolated from each of the hybridizing clones and subcloned into pBluescript as described above.

The 7 EL clones were sequenced on both strands with regions of overlap for each sequence run. Sequencing was carried out with an ABI automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif.), following the manufacturer's instructions.

The nucleotide sequences for the coding regions of EL1-EL7 are shown in FIGS. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences for EL1-EL7 are shown in FIGS. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16, respectively, using the standard one-letter amino acid code. The EL1, EL2 and EL7 genomic clones appeared to lack introns. The EL4 genomic clone contained one intron near the 5′ end of the coding region.

The nucleotide sequences of the 7 EL polynucleotides were compared to 5 DNA sequences present in Genbank. Genbank, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Md. Two of the 5 accessions were cloned from members of the Brassicaceae: the Arabidopsis FAE1 sequence (Accession U29142) and a Brassica napus sequence (Accession U50771). Three of the accessions were cloned from jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis): 2 wax biosynthesis genes (Accessions I14084 and I14085) and a jojoba KAS gene (Accession U37088). See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,947, incorporated herein by reference.

Multiple alignment of the 12 sequences was carried out with a computer program sold under the trade name MEGALIGN Lasergene by DNAStar (Madison, Wis.). Alignments were done using the Clustal method with weighted residue weight table. The nucleotide sequence similarity index and percent divergence based on the multiple alignment algorithm is shown in Table 1. The nucleotide sequences of EL1-EL7 are distinguishable from the 5 DNA sequences obtained from Genbank.

The deduced amino acid sequences of the EL1-7 polypeptides were compared with the MEGALIGN program to the deduced amino acid sequences of the same 5 Genbank clones, using the Clustal method with PAM250 residue weight table. The amino acid sequence similarity and percent divergence are shown in Table 2. The amino acid sequences of EL1-EL7 polypeptides are distinguishable from those of the Genbank sequences.

TABLE 1 Nucleotide sequence pair distances of EL1-EL7, using Clustal method with weighted residue weight table. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 77.5 62.4 58.8 57.0 54.9 47.0 42.8 42.9 43.1 44.7 41.3 1 ARAFAE1 U29142 2 18.1 61.0 57.9 55.4 53.7 46.9 42.7 44.1 42.9 42.3 40.5 2 BNaFAE1 U50771 3 40.4 41.0 70.5 59.3 56.4 46.7 48.5 48.1 48.6 46.5 43.5 3 EL2 4 43.9 44.3 28.0 56.3 55.4 46.5 47.0 45.1 47.2 47.4 42.3 4 EL3 5 40.7 42.3 45.0 45.0 68.0 54.0 46.8 46.6 46.4 49.0 47.2 5 EL5 6 45.8 48.9 46.0 47.3 32.4 53.6 48.6 48.2 48.6 49.0 49.2 6 EL7 7 74.1 71.0 69.4 67.3 64.3 64.5 49.8 49.2 49.8 47.7 48.2 7 EL6 8 68.1 66.2 63.4 63.1 65.5 64.2 56.1 97.7 99.7 48.4 45.8 8 JOJOKCS U37088 9 67.0 65.4 63.7 64.6 64.6 64.1 56.6  1.1 95.9 47.6 44.8 9 JOKCS10 I14084 10 67.2 65.2 61.8 61.4 64.1 63.0 56.3  0.2  1.1 48.4 45.3 10 JOKCS11 I14085 11 88.6 85.8 81.0 77.0 77.4 82.4 83.1 71.1 71.1 69.9 48.3 11 EL1 12 95.7 90.4 95.4 91.5 84.5 82.8 91.9 73.4 73.8 73.3 59.9 12 EL4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

TABLE 2 Amino acid sequence pair distances of EL1-EL7, using Clustal method with PAM250 residue weight table. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 72.0 62.9 59.8 60.9 60.2 50.3 51.9 52.1 51.5 49.1 42.0 1 EL2 2 31.1 60.1 57.5 58.7 57.1 49.8 49.8 50.0 49.2 49.6 44.4 2 EL3 3 47.4 48.7 82.4 60.7 63.0 50.0 51.4 51.6 50.8 47.8 43.9 3 ATFAE1 U29142 4 51.8 52.8 17.9 60.2 61.0 49.2 50.3 50.5 49.7 46.5 42.4 4 BNFAE1 U50771 5 49.0 51.3 45.8 46.2 75.8 61.0 58.7 58.9 58.3 55.0 55.6 5 EL7 6 52.6 55.5 42.8 46.5 29.3 61.8 55.7 55.7 54.9 52.9 50.5 6 EL5 7 74.7 70.5 71.8 74.4 52.0 50.8 52.8 52.8 51.8 53.4 51.6 7 EL6 8 66.7 69.2 66.2 67.3 54.8 59.8 67.7 99.8 96.9 53.1 52.0 8 JOJKCS U37088 9 66.3 68.7 66.2 67.3 54.0 59.3 67.7  0.2 96.9 53.1 51.9 9 JKCS11 I14085 10 66.3 69.7 66.6 67.8 54.5 60.7 68.6  1.8  1.6 51.7 50.7 10 JKCS10 I14084 11 73.6 73.7 72.8 74.4 60.8 66.0 67.2 63.9 63.9 65.3 50.8 11 EL1 12 84.6 85.5 82.7 83.3 60.6 70.8 67.1 68.5 68.5 69.9 69.4 12 EL4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Example 4 Expression of EL1 and EL2 in Yeast

The open reading frames (ORFs) for the EL2, EL4 and EL7 clones were amplified by PCR. The EL2 ORF was cloned into λYES using the primers: CTCGAGCAAGTCCACTACCACGCA and CTCGAGCGAGTCAGAAGGAACAAA (SEQ ID NO:17 and 18, respectively). The EL4 ORF was cloned into pYEUra3 using the primers: GATAATTTAGAGAGGCACAGGGT and GTCGACACAAGAATGGGTAGATCCAA (SEQ ID NO:19 and 20, respectively). The EL7 ORF was cloned into pYEUra3 using the primers: CAGTTCCTCAAACGAAGCTA and GTCGACTTCTCAATGGACGGTGCCGGA (SEQ ID NO:19 NO:21 and 22, respectively). Amplified products were cloned into pYEUra3 under the control of, and 3′ to, the GAL1 promoter. The resulting plasmids were transformed into yeast as described in Example 1.

Yeast cultures containing full-length EL1 in λYES and full-length EL2 in pYEUra3 were grown in the presence of galactose or glucose as described in Example 2. Microsomes were then prepared from each of the cultures and fatty acid elongation assays were carried out as described in Example 2.

In the first experiment, microsomes were prepared from galactose-induced cultures of EL1, EL2 and FAE1, and incubated with either [1−¹⁴C] 18:0 acyl-CoA or [1−¹⁴C] 18:1 acyl-CoA as substrate. The amounts of various reaction products synthesized after 30 minutes (min) were determined as described in Example 2. The results when 18:0 acyl-CoA was the substrate are shown in Table 3. The results when 18:1 acyl-CoA was the substrate are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 3 Elongation of 18:0-CoA by FAE1, EL1 and EL2 Genes Expressed in Yeast Acyl- β-Keto Acyl Synthase Gene CoA FAE1 EL1 EL2 Product Rate¹ (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) 20:0 0.369 64.3 0.084 38.8 0.108 41.8 22:0 0.113 18.6 0.047 21.9 0.053 20.7 24:0 0.065 10.7 0.043 19.9 0.052 20.3 26:0 0.038 6.3 0.042 19.4 0.044 17.2 Total 0.585 100.0 0.216 100.0 0.258 100.0 ¹Nanomoles/minute/mg of microsomal protein

TABLE 4 Elongation of 18:1-CoA by FAE1, EL1 and EL2 Genes Expressed in Yeast Acyl- β-Keto Acyl Synthase Gene CoA FAE1 EL1 EL2 Product Rate¹ (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) 20:1 1.131 84.6 0.111 80.8 0.091 84.1 22:1 0.206 15.4 0.026 19.2 0.017 15.9 24:1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26:1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 1.337 100.0 0.137 100.0 0.108 100.0 ¹Nanomoles/minute/mg of microsomal protein

The results shown in Tables 3 and 4 indicate that the EL1 and EL2 gene products have β-ketoacyl synthase (KAS) activity and that the KAS reaction product can be utilized to form VLCFAs. The specific activities of the 3 KAS enzymes cannot be compared, since the relative amount of the heterologous KAS protein in each microsomal preparation is not known. However, the proportions of various reaction products can be compared between FAE1, EL1 and EL2.

The data shown in Table 3 indicate that the EL1 and EL2 KAS activities result in a higher proportion of saturated VLCFAs than does the FAE1 KAS activity. These results suggest that EL1 and EL2 encode novel gene products, because EL1 and EL2 have a greater preference for C22:0 and C24:0 acyl-CoA substrates than does FAE1.

A comparison of the relative elongation activity of FAE1 with 18:0 and 18:1 substrates (Tables 3 and 4) indicates that FAE1 is more active when 18:1 is the substrate than when 18:0 is the substrate. In contrast, the overall rate of product formation with EL1 is less when 18:1 is the substrate than when 18:0 is the substrate (Tables 3 and 4). EL2 is also less active when 18:1 is the substrate than when 18:0 is the substrate (Tables 3 and 4). These results support the conclusion that EL1 and EL2 encode novel gene products and suggest that EL1 and EL2 have a preference for saturated fatty acids as substrates, whereas the FAE1 gene product has a preference for monounsaturated fatty acids as substrates.

In a second experiment, microsomes were prepared from galactose-induced and from glucose-repressed yeast cultures containing EL1 or EL2 coding sequences. The microsomal preparations were incubated with either 18:0 acyl-CoA or 18:1 acyl-CoA as substrate and the fatty acid reaction products determined as described above. The results with the 18:0 substrate are shown in Table 5. The results with the 18:1 substrate are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 5 Elongation of 18:0-CoA by EL1 and EL2 With and Without Induction of Gene Expression β-Keto Acyl Synthase Gene EL1 EL2 Acyl + Glucose + Galactose + Glucose + Galactose CoA Rate¹ (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) 20:0 0.007 100.0 0.074 55.8 0.030 81.3 0.107 43.1 22:0 0.000 0.0 0.023 17.4 0.002 5.1 0.044 17.8 24:0 0.000 0.0 0.020 15.3 0.005 13.6 0.048 19.1 26:0 0.000 0.0 0.015 11.5 0.000 0.0 0.050 20.0 Total 0.007 100.0 0.133 100.0 0.037 100.0 0.249 100.0 ¹Nanomoles/minute/mg of microsomal protein

TABLE 6 Elongation of 18:1-CoA by EL1 and EL2 With and Without Induction of Gene Expression β-Keto Acyl Synthase Gene EL1 EL2 Acyl + Glucose + Galactose + Glucose + Galactose COA Rate¹ (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) 20:1 0.062 100.0 0.081 100.0 0.043 100.0 0.089 100.0 22:1 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0 24:1 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0 26:1 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 0.0 Total 0.062 100.0 0.081 100.0 0.043 100.0 0.089 100.0 ¹Nanomoles/minute/mg of microsomal protein

The results in Table 5 show in vitro elongase activity for EL1 and EL2 under induced (galactose) and uninduced (glucose) conditions. The comparison indicates that induction with galactose results in a large increase in overall elongase activity when 18:0 acyl CoA is the substrate (about 19-fold and 7-fold for EL1 and EL2, respectively). In contrast, induction when 18:1 acyl CoA is the substrate results in only a small increase in elongase activity (about 1.3-fold and 2-fold for EL1 and E12, respectively), as shown in Table 6.

The results in Table 5 show that little or no VLCFA products are made by yeast microsomes under uninduced conditions. Upon induction of EL1 and EL2 gene expression, however, significant quantities of C20:0, C22:0, C24:0 and C26:0 are made. The data in Tables 5 and 6 are consistent with the results in Tables 3 and 4, which indicated that EL1and EL2 were more active with a saturated fatty acid substrate than with a monounsaturated substrate.

The data in Tables 5 and 6 are also consistent with the data in Tables 3 and 4 indicating that the EL1 and EL2 gene products are more active in converting C24:0 to C26:0 than is FAE1.

In a third experiment, microsomes from induced and uninduced cultures containing EL1 or EL2 were incubated in the absence of cofactors involved in the β-ketoacyl condensation reaction. Cultures were induced and microsomes were prepared as described in Example 2. In vitro assays were carried out as described in Example 2, except that either ATP, COASH or both were omitted from the enzyme reaction mixture. In addition, one reaction was carried out in a complete mixture having 0.01 mM of cerulenin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Cerulenin is an inhibitor of some condensing enzymes. The results are shown in Tables 7-9.

TABLE 7 Effect of Cofactors on 18:0-CoA Elongation¹ Gene Expt⁴ +Glu² +Gal² − ATP³ − CoA³ − A&C³ + Cer³ EL1 1 .037 .109 .095 .105 .119 .141 2 N.D. .090 .125 .093 .270 .176 EL2 1 .033 .112 .168 .127 .143 .238 2 N.D. .120 .178 .133 .195 .302 ¹Activity in nanomoles/minute/mg of microsomal protein. ²+Glu: microsomes from cultures grown in the presence of glucose and incubated in standard reaction mix; + Gal: microsomes from cultures grown in the presence of galactose and incubated in standard reaction mix. ³Microsomes from galactose-induced cultures. − ATP: ATP omitted from reaction mix; − CoA: Coenzyme A omitted from reaction mix; − A&C: ATP and Coenzyme A omitted from reaction mix; +Cer: Standard reaction mix containing 0.01 mM cerulenin. ⁴Experiment No.

TABLE 8 Effect of Cofactors on Elongation Products of EL1¹ Prod. + Glu² + Gal² − ATP³ − CoA³ − A&C³ +Cer³ 20:0 53.9 46.2 34.4 47.8 41.7 46.7 22:0 14.4 18.7 13.7 18.0 19.4 16.2 24:0 18.5 18.1 20.6 19.1 16.7 17.7 26:0 13.2 17.1 31.4 15.2 22.3 19.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ¹Amount of indicated product as a percent of total products formed. Results of one experiment for + Glucose; Average of two experiments for other conditions. ²+ Glu: microsomes from cultures grown in the presence of glucose and incubated in standard reaction mix; + Gal: microsoines from cultures grown in the presence of galactose and incubated in standard reaction mix. ³Microsomes from galactose-induced cultures. − ATP: ATP omitted from reaction mix; − CoA: Coenzyme A omitted from reaction mix; − A&C: ATP and Coenzyme A omitted from reaction mix; +Cer: Standard reaction mix containing 0.01 mM cerulenin.

TABLE 9 Effect of Cofactors on Elongation Products of EL2¹ Prod. + Glu² + Gal² − ATP³ − CoA³ − A&C³ +Cer³ 20:0 54.5 47.1 34.1 45.3 38.0 41.8 22:0 17.1 19.1 16.4 19.2 15.9 16.1 24:0 5.8 19.4 20.8 19.9 18.4 20.4 26:0 22.6 14.5 28.9 15.8 27.8 21.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ¹Amount of indicated product as a percent of total products formed. Results of one experiment for + Glucose; Average of two experiments for other conditions. ²+ Glu: microsomes from cultures grown in the presence of glucose and incubated in standard reaction mix; + Gal: microsomes from cultures grown in the presence of galactose and incubated in standard reaction mix. ³Microsomes from galactose-induced cultures. − ATP: ATP omitted from reaction mix; − CoA: Coenzyme A omitted from reaction mix; − A&C: ATP and Coenzyme A omitted from reaction mix; +Cer: Standard reaction mix containing 0.01 mM cerulenin.

The results in Table 7 indicate that omission of ATP and/or CoA from the incubation mixture does not have a significant effect on the overall amounts of VLCFAs synthesized by the in vitro KAS activity of EL1 or EL2. The results also show that cerulenin does not inhibit the KAS activity of EL1 or EL2. The data in Table 8 and 9 confirm that EL1 and EL2 KAS activity produces significant amounts of C24:0 and C26:0 acyl CoA products.

To the extent not already indicated, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that any one of the various specific embodiments herein described and illustrated may be further modified to incorporate features shown in other of the specific embodiments.

The foregoing detailed description has been provided for a better understanding of the invention only and no unnecessary limitation should be understood therefrom as some modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art without deviating from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

22 1 1560 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 1 atggatcgag agagattaac ggcggagatg gcgtttcgag attcatcatc ggccgttata 60 agaattcgaa gacgtttgcc ggatttatta acgtccgtta agctcaaata cgtgaagctt 120 ggacttcaca actcttgcaa cgtgaccacc attctcttct tcttaattat tcttccttta 180 accggaaccg tgctggttca gctaaccggt ctaacgttcg atacgttctc tgagctttgg 240 tctaaccagg cggttcaact cgacacggcg acgagactta cctgcttggt tttcctctcc 300 ttcgttttga ccctctacgt ggctaaccgg tctaaaccgg tttacctagt ggatttctcc 360 tgctacaaac cggaagacga gcgtaaaata tcagtagatt cgttcttgac gatgactgag 420 gaaaatggat cattcaccga tgacacggtt cagttccagc aaagaatctc gaaccgggcc 480 ggtttgggag acgagacgta tctgccacgt ggcataactt caacgccccc gaagctaaat 540 atgtcagagg cacgtgccga agctgaagcc gttatgtttg gagccttaga ttccctcttc 600 gagaaaaccg gaattaaacc ggccgaagtc ggaatcttga tagtaaactg cagcttattc 660 aatccgacgc cgtctctatc agcgatgatc gtgaaccatt acaagatgag agaagacatc 720 aaaagttaca acctcggagg aatgggttgc tccgccggat taatctcaat cgatctcgct 780 aacaatctcc tcaaagcaaa ccctaattct tacgctgtcg tggtaagcac ggaaaacata 840 accctaaact ggtacttcgg aaatgaccgg tcaatgctcc tctgcaactg catcttccga 900 atgggcggag ctgcgattct cctctctaac cgccgtcaag accggaagaa gtcaaagtac 960 tcgctggtca acgtcgttcg aacacataaa ggatcagacg acaagaacta caattgcgtg 1020 taccagaagg aagacgagag aggaacaatc ggtgtctctt tagctagaga gctcatgtct 1080 gtcgccggag acgctctgaa aacaaacatc acgactttag gaccgatggt tcttccattg 1140 tcagagcagt tgatgttctt gatttccttg gtcaaaagga agatgttcaa gttaaaagtt 1200 aaaccgtata ttccggattt caagctagct ttcgagcatt tctgtattca cgcaggaggt 1260 agagcggttc tagacgaagt gcagaagaat cttgatctca aagattggca catggaacct 1320 tctagaatga ctttgcacag atttggtaac acttcgagta gctcgctttg gtatgagatg 1380 gcttataccg aagctaaggg tcgggttaaa gctggtgacc gactttggca gattgcgttt 1440 ggatcgggtt tcaagtgtaa tagtgcggtt tggaaagcgt tacgaccggt ttcgacggag 1500 gagatgaccg gtaatgcttg ggctggttcg attgatcaat atccggttaa agttgtgcaa 1560 2 520 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 2 Met Asp Arg Glu Arg Leu Thr Ala Glu Met Ala Phe Arg Asp Ser Ser 1 5 10 15 Ser Ala Val Ile Arg Ile Arg Arg Arg Leu Pro Asp Leu Leu Thr Ser 20 25 30 Val Lys Leu Lys Tyr Val Lys Leu Gly Leu His Asn Ser Cys Asn Val 35 40 45 Thr Thr Ile Leu Phe Phe Leu Ile Ile Leu Pro Leu Thr Gly Thr Val 50 55 60 Leu Val Gln Leu Thr Gly Leu Thr Phe Asp Thr Phe Ser Glu Leu Trp 65 70 75 80 Ser Asn Gln Ala Val Gln Leu Asp Thr Ala Thr Arg Leu Thr Cys Leu 85 90 95 Val Phe Leu Ser Phe Val Leu Thr Leu Tyr Val Ala Asn Arg Ser Lys 100 105 110 Pro Val Tyr Leu Val Asp Phe Ser Cys Tyr Lys Pro Glu Asp Glu Arg 115 120 125 Lys Ile Ser Val Asp Ser Phe Leu Thr Met Thr Glu Glu Asn Gly Ser 130 135 140 Phe Thr Asp Asp Thr Val Gln Phe Gln Gln Arg Ile Ser Asn Arg Ala 145 150 155 160 Gly Leu Gly Asp Glu Thr Tyr Leu Pro Arg Gly Ile Thr Ser Thr Pro 165 170 175 Pro Lys Leu Asn Met Ser Glu Ala Arg Ala Glu Ala Glu Ala Val Met 180 185 190 Phe Gly Ala Leu Asp Ser Leu Phe Glu Lys Thr Gly Ile Lys Pro Ala 195 200 205 Glu Val Gly Ile Leu Ile Val Asn Cys Ser Leu Phe Asn Pro Thr Pro 210 215 220 Ser Leu Ser Ala Met Ile Val Asn His Tyr Lys Met Arg Glu Asp Ile 225 230 235 240 Lys Ser Tyr Asn Leu Gly Gly Met Gly Cys Ser Ala Gly Leu Ile Ser 245 250 255 Ile Asp Leu Ala Asn Asn Leu Leu Lys Ala Asn Pro Asn Ser Tyr Ala 260 265 270 Val Val Val Ser Thr Glu Asn Ile Thr Leu Asn Trp Tyr Phe Gly Asn 275 280 285 Asp Arg Ser Met Leu Leu Cys Asn Cys Ile Phe Arg Met Gly Gly Ala 290 295 300 Ala Ile Leu Leu Ser Asn Arg Arg Gln Asp Arg Lys Lys Ser Lys Tyr 305 310 315 320 Ser Leu Val Asn Val Val Arg Thr His Lys Gly Ser Asp Asp Lys Asn 325 330 335 Tyr Asn Cys Val Tyr Gln Lys Glu Asp Glu Arg Gly Thr Ile Gly Val 340 345 350 Ser Leu Ala Arg Glu Leu Met Ser Val Ala Gly Asp Ala Leu Lys Thr 355 360 365 Asn Ile Thr Thr Leu Gly Pro Met Val Leu Pro Leu Ser Glu Gln Leu 370 375 380 Met Phe Leu Ile Ser Leu Val Lys Arg Lys Met Phe Lys Leu Lys Val 385 390 395 400 Lys Pro Tyr Ile Pro Asp Phe Lys Leu Ala Phe Glu His Phe Cys Ile 405 410 415 His Ala Gly Gly Arg Ala Val Leu Asp Glu Val Gln Lys Asn Leu Asp 420 425 430 Leu Lys Asp Trp His Met Glu Pro Ser Arg Met Thr Leu His Arg Phe 435 440 445 Gly Asn Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Leu Trp Tyr Glu Met Ala Tyr Thr Glu 450 455 460 Ala Lys Gly Arg Val Lys Ala Gly Asp Arg Leu Trp Gln Ile Ala Phe 465 470 475 480 Gly Ser Gly Phe Lys Cys Asn Ser Ala Val Trp Lys Ala Leu Arg Pro 485 490 495 Val Ser Thr Glu Glu Met Thr Gly Asn Ala Trp Ala Gly Ser Ile Asp 500 505 510 Gln Tyr Pro Val Lys Val Val Gln 515 520 3 1479 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 3 atggattacc ccatgaagaa ggtaaaaatc tttttcaact acctcatggc gcatcgcttc 60 aagctctgct tcttaccatt aatggttgct atagccgtgg aggcgtctcg tctttccaca 120 caagatctcc aaaactttta cctctactta caaaacaacc acacatctct aaccatgttc 180 ttcctttacc tcgctctcgg gtcgactctt tacctcatga cccggcccaa acccgtttat 240 ctcgttgact ttagctgcta cctcccaccg tcgcatctca aagccagcac ccagaggatc 300 atgcaacacg taaggcttgt acgagaagca ggcgcgtgga agcaagagtc cgattacttg 360 atggacttct gcgagaagat tctagaacgt tccggtctag gccaagagac gtacgtaccc 420 gaaggtcttc aaactttgcc actacaacag aatttggctg tatcacgtat agagacggag 480 gaagttatta ttggtgcggt cgataatctg tttcgcaaca cgggaataag ccctagtgat 540 ataggtatat tggtggtgaa ttcaagcact tttaatccaa caccttcgct atcaagtatc 600 ttagtgaata agtttaaact tagggataat ataaagagct tgaatcttgg tgggatgggg 660 tgtagcgctg gagtcatcgc tatcgatgcg gctaagagct tgttacaagt tcatagaaac 720 acttatgctc ttgtggtgag cacggagaac atcactcaaa acttgtacat gggtaacaac 780 aaatcaatgt tggttacaaa ctgtttgttc cgtataggtg gggccgcgat tttgctttct 840 aaccggtcta tagatcgtaa acgcgcaaaa tacgagcttg ttcacaccgt gcgggtccat 900 accggagcag atgaccgatc ctatgaatgt gcaactcaag aagaggatga agatggcata 960 gttggggttt ccttgtcaaa gaatctacca atggtagctg caagaaccct aaagatcaat 1020 atcgcaactt tgggtccgct tgttcttccc ataagcgaga agtttcactt ctttgtgagg 1080 ttcgttaaaa agaagtttct caaccccaag ctaaagcatt acattccgga tttcaagctc 1140 gcattcgagc atttctgtat ccatgcgggt ggtagagcgc taattgatga gatggagaag 1200 aatcttcatc taactccact agacgttgag gcttcaagaa tgacattaca caggtttggt 1260 aatacctctt cgagctccat ttggtacgag ttggcttaca cagaagccaa aggaaggatg 1320 acgaaaggag ataggatttg gcagattgcg ttggggtcag gttttaagtg taatagttca 1380 gtttgggtgg ctcttcgtaa cgtcaagcct tctactaata atccttggga acagtgtcta 1440 cacaaatatc cagttgagat cgatatagat ttaaaagag 1479 4 493 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 4 Met Asp Tyr Pro Met Lys Lys Val Lys Ile Phe Phe Asn Tyr Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala His Arg Phe Lys Leu Cys Phe Leu Pro Leu Met Val Ala Ile Ala 20 25 30 Val Glu Ala Ser Arg Leu Ser Thr Gln Asp Leu Gln Asn Phe Tyr Leu 35 40 45 Tyr Leu Gln Asn Asn His Thr Ser Leu Thr Met Phe Phe Leu Tyr Leu 50 55 60 Ala Leu Gly Ser Thr Leu Tyr Leu Met Thr Arg Pro Lys Pro Val Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Val Asp Phe Ser Cys Tyr Leu Pro Pro Ser His Leu Lys Ala Ser 85 90 95 Thr Gln Arg Ile Met Gln His Val Arg Leu Val Arg Glu Ala Gly Ala 100 105 110 Trp Lys Gln Glu Ser Asp Tyr Leu Met Asp Phe Cys Glu Lys Ile Leu 115 120 125 Glu Arg Ser Gly Leu Gly Gln Glu Thr Tyr Val Pro Glu Gly Leu Gln 130 135 140 Thr Leu Pro Leu Gln Gln Asn Leu Ala Val Ser Arg Ile Glu Thr Glu 145 150 155 160 Glu Val Ile Ile Gly Ala Val Asp Asn Leu Phe Arg Asn Thr Gly Ile 165 170 175 Ser Pro Ser Asp Ile Gly Ile Leu Val Val Asn Ser Ser Thr Phe Asn 180 185 190 Pro Thr Pro Ser Leu Ser Ser Ile Leu Val Asn Lys Phe Lys Leu Arg 195 200 205 Asp Asn Ile Lys Ser Leu Asn Leu Gly Gly Met Gly Cys Ser Ala Gly 210 215 220 Val Ile Ala Ile Asp Ala Ala Lys Ser Leu Leu Gln Val His Arg Asn 225 230 235 240 Thr Tyr Ala Leu Val Val Ser Thr Glu Asn Ile Thr Gln Asn Leu Tyr 245 250 255 Met Gly Asn Asn Lys Ser Met Leu Val Thr Asn Cys Leu Phe Arg Ile 260 265 270 Gly Gly Ala Ala Ile Leu Leu Ser Asn Arg Ser Ile Asp Arg Lys Arg 275 280 285 Ala Lys Tyr Glu Leu Val His Thr Val Arg Val His Thr Gly Ala Asp 290 295 300 Asp Arg Ser Tyr Glu Cys Ala Thr Gln Glu Glu Asp Glu Asp Gly Ile 305 310 315 320 Val Gly Val Ser Leu Ser Lys Asn Leu Pro Met Val Ala Ala Arg Thr 325 330 335 Leu Lys Ile Asn Ile Ala Thr Leu Gly Pro Leu Val Leu Pro Ile Ser 340 345 350 Glu Lys Phe His Phe Phe Val Arg Phe Val Lys Lys Lys Phe Leu Asn 355 360 365 Pro Lys Leu Lys His Tyr Ile Pro Asp Phe Lys Leu Ala Phe Glu His 370 375 380 Phe Cys Ile His Ala Gly Gly Arg Ala Leu Ile Asp Glu Met Glu Lys 385 390 395 400 Asn Leu His Leu Thr Pro Leu Asp Val Glu Ala Ser Arg Met Thr Leu 405 410 415 His Arg Phe Gly Asn Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ile Trp Tyr Glu Leu Ala 420 425 430 Tyr Thr Glu Ala Lys Gly Arg Met Thr Lys Gly Asp Arg Ile Trp Gln 435 440 445 Ile Ala Leu Gly Ser Gly Phe Lys Cys Asn Ser Ser Val Trp Val Ala 450 455 460 Leu Arg Asn Val Lys Pro Ser Thr Asn Asn Pro Trp Glu Gln Cys Leu 465 470 475 480 His Lys Tyr Pro Val Glu Ile Asp Ile Asp Leu Lys Glu 485 490 5 1512 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 5 ctacgtcagg gtagaacaaa gagtaaacac ttaagcaaaa caatttgtcc tactcttagg 60 ttatctccaa tgaagaactt aaagatggtt ttcttcaaga tcctctttat ctctttaatg 120 gcaggattag ccatgaaagg atctaagatc aacgtagaag atctccaaaa gttctccctc 180 caccatacac agaacaacct ccaaaccata agccttctat tgtttcttgt cgtttttgtg 240 tggatcctct acatgttaac ccgacctaaa cccgtttacc ttgttgattt ctcctgctac 300 cttccaccgt cgcatctcaa ggtcagtatc caaaccctaa tgggacacgc aagacgtgca 360 agagaagcag gcatgtgttg gaagaacaaa gagagcgacc atttagttga cttccaggag 420 aagattcttg aacgttccgg tcttggtcaa gaaacctaca tccccgaggg tcttcagtgc 480 ttcccacttc agcaaggcat gggtgcttca cgtaaagaga cggaagaagt aatcttcgga 540 gctcttgaca atctttttcg caacaccggt gtaaaacctg atgatatcgg tatattggtg 600 gtgaattcta gcacgtttaa tccaactcca tcactcgcct ccatgattgt gaacaagtac 660 aaactcagag acaacatcaa gagtttgaat cttggaggga tgggttgcag tgccggagtt 720 atagctgttg atgtcgctaa gggattacta caagttcata ggaacactta tgctattgta 780 gtaagcacag agaacatcac tcagaactta tacttgggga aaaacaaatc aatgctagtc 840 acaaactgtt tgttccgcgt tggtggtgct gcggttctgc tttcaaacag atctagagac 900 cgtaaccgcg ccaaatacga gcttgttcac accgtacgga tccataccgg atcagatgat 960 aggtcgttcg aatgtgcgac acaagaagag gatgaagatg gtataattgg agttaccttg 1020 acaaagaatc tacctatggt ggctgcaagg actcttaaga taaatatcgc aactttgggt 1080 cctcttgtac ttccattaaa agagaagcta gccttcttta ttacttttgt caagaagaag 1140 tatttcaagc cagagttaag gaattataca ccagatttca agcttgcctt tgagcatttc 1200 tgtatccacg ctggtggaag agctctaata gatgagctgg agaagaacct taagctttct 1260 ccgttacacg tagaggcgtc aagaatgaca ctacacaggt ttggtaacac ttcttctagc 1320 tcaatctggt acgagttagc ttatacagaa gctaaaggaa ggatgaagga aggagatagg 1380 atttggcaga ttgctttggg gtcaggtttt aagtgtaaca gttcagtatg ggtggctctg 1440 cgagacgtta agccttcagc taacagtcca tgggaagact gtatggatag atatccggtt 1500 gagattgata tt 1512 6 504 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 6 Leu Arg Gln Gly Arg Thr Lys Ser Lys His Leu Ser Lys Thr Ile Cys 1 5 10 15 Pro Thr Leu Arg Leu Ser Pro Met Lys Asn Leu Lys Met Val Phe Phe 20 25 30 Lys Ile Leu Phe Ile Ser Leu Met Ala Gly Leu Ala Met Lys Gly Ser 35 40 45 Lys Ile Asn Val Glu Asp Leu Gln Lys Phe Ser Leu His His Thr Gln 50 55 60 Asn Asn Leu Gln Thr Ile Ser Leu Leu Leu Phe Leu Val Val Phe Val 65 70 75 80 Trp Ile Leu Tyr Met Leu Thr Arg Pro Lys Pro Val Tyr Leu Val Asp 85 90 95 Phe Ser Cys Tyr Leu Pro Pro Ser His Leu Lys Val Ser Ile Gln Thr 100 105 110 Leu Met Gly His Ala Arg Arg Ala Arg Glu Ala Gly Met Cys Trp Lys 115 120 125 Asn Lys Glu Ser Asp His Leu Val Asp Phe Gln Glu Lys Ile Leu Glu 130 135 140 Arg Ser Gly Leu Gly Gln Glu Thr Tyr Ile Pro Glu Gly Leu Gln Cys 145 150 155 160 Phe Pro Leu Gln Gln Gly Met Gly Ala Ser Arg Lys Glu Thr Glu Glu 165 170 175 Val Ile Phe Gly Ala Leu Asp Asn Leu Phe Arg Asn Thr Gly Val Lys 180 185 190 Pro Asp Asp Ile Gly Ile Leu Val Val Asn Ser Ser Thr Phe Asn Pro 195 200 205 Thr Pro Ser Leu Ala Ser Met Ile Val Asn Lys Tyr Lys Leu Arg Asp 210 215 220 Asn Ile Lys Ser Leu Asn Leu Gly Gly Met Gly Cys Ser Ala Gly Val 225 230 235 240 Ile Ala Val Asp Val Ala Lys Gly Leu Leu Gln Val His Arg Asn Thr 245 250 255 Tyr Ala Ile Val Val Ser Thr Glu Asn Ile Thr Gln Asn Leu Tyr Leu 260 265 270 Gly Lys Asn Lys Ser Met Leu Val Thr Asn Cys Leu Phe Arg Val Gly 275 280 285 Gly Ala Ala Val Leu Leu Ser Asn Arg Ser Arg Asp Arg Asn Arg Ala 290 295 300 Lys Tyr Glu Leu Val His Thr Val Arg Ile His Thr Gly Ser Asp Asp 305 310 315 320 Arg Ser Phe Glu Cys Ala Thr Gln Glu Glu Asp Glu Asp Gly Ile Ile 325 330 335 Gly Val Thr Leu Thr Lys Asn Leu Pro Met Val Ala Ala Arg Thr Leu 340 345 350 Lys Ile Asn Ile Ala Thr Leu Gly Pro Leu Val Leu Pro Leu Lys Glu 355 360 365 Lys Leu Ala Phe Phe Ile Thr Phe Val Lys Lys Lys Tyr Phe Lys Pro 370 375 380 Glu Leu Arg Asn Tyr Thr Pro Asp Phe Lys Leu Ala Phe Glu His Phe 385 390 395 400 Cys Ile His Ala Gly Gly Arg Ala Leu Ile Asp Glu Leu Glu Lys Asn 405 410 415 Leu Lys Leu Ser Pro Leu His Val Glu Ala Ser Arg Met Thr Leu His 420 425 430 Arg Phe Gly Asn Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ile Trp Tyr Glu Leu Ala Tyr 435 440 445 Thr Glu Ala Lys Gly Arg Met Lys Glu Gly Asp Arg Ile Trp Gln Ile 450 455 460 Ala Leu Gly Ser Gly Phe Lys Cys Asn Ser Ser Val Trp Val Ala Leu 465 470 475 480 Arg Asp Val Lys Pro Ser Ala Asn Ser Pro Trp Glu Asp Cys Met Asp 485 490 495 Arg Tyr Pro Val Glu Ile Asp Ile 500 7 1650 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 7 atgggtagat ccaacgagca agatctgctc tctaccgaga tcgttaatcg tgggatcgaa 60 ccatccggtc ctaacgccgg ctcaccaacg ttctcggtta gggtcaggag acgtttgcct 120 gattttcttc agtcggtgaa cttgaagtac gtgaaacttg gttaccacta cctcataaac 180 catgcggttt atttggcgac cataccggtt cttgtgctgg tttttagtgc tgaggttggg 240 agtttaagca gagaagagat ttggaagaag ctttgggact atgatcttgc aactgttatc 300 ggattcttcg gtgtctttgt tttaaccgct tgtgtctact tcatgtctcg tcctcgctct 360 gtttatctta ttgatttcgc ttgttacaag ccctccgatg aacacaaggt gacaaaagaa 420 gagttcatag aactagcgag aaaatcaggg aagttcgacg aagagacact cggtttcaag 480 aagaggatct tacaagcctc aggcataggc gacgagacat acgtcccaag atccatctct 540 tcatcagaaa acataacaac gatgaaagaa ggtcgtgaag aagcctctac agtgatcttt 600 ggagcactag acgaactctt cgagaagaca cgtgtaaaac ctaaagacgt tggtgtcctt 660 gtggttaact gtagcatttt caacccgaca ccgtcgttgt ccgcaatggt gataaaccat 720 tacaagatga gagggaacat acttagttac aaccttggag ggatgggatg ttcggctgga 780 atcatagcta ttgatcttgc tcgtgacatg cttcagtcta accctaatag ttatgctgtt 840 gttgtgagta ctgagatggt tgggtataat tggtacgtgg gaagtgacaa gtcaatggtt 900 atacctaatt gtttctttag gatgggttgt tctgccgtta tgctctctaa ccgtcgtcgt 960 gactttcgcc atgctaagta ccgtctcgag cacattgtcc gaactcataa ggctgctgac 1020 gaccgtagct tcaggagtgt gtaccaggaa gaagatgaac aaggattcaa ggggttgaag 1080 ataagtagag acttaatgga agttggaggt gaagctctca agacaaacat cactacctta 1140 ggtcctcttg tcctaccttt ctccgagcag cttctcttct ttgctgcttt ggtccgccga 1200 acattctcac ctgctgccaa aacgtccaca accacttcct tctctacttc cgccaccgca 1260 aaaaccaatg gaatcaagtc ttcctcttcc gatctgtcca agccatacat cccggactac 1320 aagctcgcct tcgagcattt ttgcttccac gcggcaagca aagtagtgct tgaagagctt 1380 caaaagaatc taggcttgag tgaagagaat atggaggctt ctaggatgac acttcacagg 1440 tttggaaaca cttctagcag tggaatctgg tatgagttgg cttacatgga ggccaaggaa 1500 agtgttcgta gaggcgatag ggtttggcag atcgctttcg gttctggttt taagtgtaac 1560 agtgtggtgt ggaaggcaat gaggaaggtg aagaagccaa ccaggaacaa tccttgggtg 1620 gattgcatca accgttaccc tgtgcctctc 1650 8 550 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 8 Met Gly Arg Ser Asn Glu Gln Asp Leu Leu Ser Thr Glu Ile Val Asn 1 5 10 15 Arg Gly Ile Glu Pro Ser Gly Pro Asn Ala Gly Ser Pro Thr Phe Ser 20 25 30 Val Arg Val Arg Arg Arg Leu Pro Asp Phe Leu Gln Ser Val Asn Leu 35 40 45 Lys Tyr Val Lys Leu Gly Tyr His Tyr Leu Ile Asn His Ala Val Tyr 50 55 60 Leu Ala Thr Ile Pro Val Leu Val Leu Val Phe Ser Ala Glu Val Gly 65 70 75 80 Ser Leu Ser Arg Glu Glu Ile Trp Lys Lys Leu Trp Asp Tyr Asp Leu 85 90 95 Ala Thr Val Ile Gly Phe Phe Gly Val Phe Val Leu Thr Ala Cys Val 100 105 110 Tyr Phe Met Ser Arg Pro Arg Ser Val Tyr Leu Ile Asp Phe Ala Cys 115 120 125 Tyr Lys Pro Ser Asp Glu His Lys Val Thr Lys Glu Glu Phe Ile Glu 130 135 140 Leu Ala Arg Lys Ser Gly Lys Phe Asp Glu Glu Thr Leu Gly Phe Lys 145 150 155 160 Lys Arg Ile Leu Gln Ala Ser Gly Ile Gly Asp Glu Thr Tyr Val Pro 165 170 175 Arg Ser Ile Ser Ser Ser Glu Asn Ile Thr Thr Met Lys Glu Gly Arg 180 185 190 Glu Glu Ala Ser Thr Val Ile Phe Gly Ala Leu Asp Glu Leu Phe Glu 195 200 205 Lys Thr Arg Val Lys Pro Lys Asp Val Gly Val Leu Val Val Asn Cys 210 215 220 Ser Ile Phe Asn Pro Thr Pro Ser Leu Ser Ala Met Val Ile Asn His 225 230 235 240 Tyr Lys Met Arg Gly Asn Ile Leu Ser Tyr Asn Leu Gly Gly Met Gly 245 250 255 Cys Ser Ala Gly Ile Ile Ala Ile Asp Leu Ala Arg Asp Met Leu Gln 260 265 270 Ser Asn Pro Asn Ser Tyr Ala Val Val Val Ser Thr Glu Met Val Gly 275 280 285 Tyr Asn Trp Tyr Val Gly Ser Asp Lys Ser Met Val Ile Pro Asn Cys 290 295 300 Phe Phe Arg Met Gly Cys Ser Ala Val Met Leu Ser Asn Arg Arg Arg 305 310 315 320 Asp Phe Arg His Ala Lys Tyr Arg Leu Glu His Ile Val Arg Thr His 325 330 335 Lys Ala Ala Asp Asp Arg Ser Phe Arg Ser Val Tyr Gln Glu Glu Asp 340 345 350 Glu Gln Gly Phe Lys Gly Leu Lys Ile Ser Arg Asp Leu Met Glu Val 355 360 365 Gly Gly Glu Ala Leu Lys Thr Asn Ile Thr Thr Leu Gly Pro Leu Val 370 375 380 Leu Pro Phe Ser Glu Gln Leu Leu Phe Phe Ala Ala Leu Val Arg Arg 385 390 395 400 Thr Phe Ser Pro Ala Ala Lys Thr Ser Thr Thr Thr Ser Phe Ser Thr 405 410 415 Ser Ala Thr Ala Lys Thr Asn Gly Ile Lys Ser Ser Ser Ser Asp Leu 420 425 430 Ser Lys Pro Tyr Ile Pro Asp Tyr Lys Leu Ala Phe Glu His Phe Cys 435 440 445 Phe His Ala Ala Ser Lys Val Val Leu Glu Glu Leu Gln Lys Asn Leu 450 455 460 Gly Leu Ser Glu Glu Asn Met Glu Ala Ser Arg Met Thr Leu His Arg 465 470 475 480 Phe Gly Asn Thr Ser Ser Ser Gly Ile Trp Tyr Glu Leu Ala Tyr Met 485 490 495 Glu Ala Lys Glu Ser Val Arg Arg Gly Asp Arg Val Trp Gln Ile Ala 500 505 510 Phe Gly Ser Gly Phe Lys Cys Asn Ser Val Val Trp Lys Ala Met Arg 515 520 525 Lys Val Lys Lys Pro Thr Arg Asn Asn Pro Trp Val Asp Cys Ile Asn 530 535 540 Arg Tyr Pro Val Pro Leu 545 550 9 1611 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 9 tcgagctacg tcagggcttt tatatgcaca aattctcata aagttttcaa ttttattcca 60 tttttctcgg aagccatgga agctgctaat gagcctgtta atggcggatc cgtacagatc 120 cgaacagaga acaacgaaag acgaaagctt cctaatttct tacaaagcgt caacatgaaa 180 tacgtcaagc taggttatca ttacctcatt actcatctct tcaagctctg tttggttcca 240 ttaatggcgg ttttagtcac agagatctct cgattaacaa cagacgatct ttaccagatt 300 tggcttcatc tccaatacaa tctcgttgct ttcatctttc tctctgcttt agctatcttt 360 ggctccaccg tttacatcat gagtcgtccc agatctgttt atctcgttga ttactcttgt 420 tatcttcctc cggagagtct tcaggttaag tatcagaagt ttatggatca ttctaagttg 480 attgaagatt tcaatgagtc atctttagag tttcagagga agattcttga acgttctggt 540 ttaggagaag agacttatct ccctgaagct ttacattgta tccctccgag gcctacgatg 600 atggcggctc gtgaggaatc tgagcaggta atgtttggtg ctcttgataa gcttttcgag 660 aataccaaga ttaaccctag ggatattggt gtgttggttg tgaattgtag cttgtttaat 720 cctacacctt cgttgtcagc tatgattgtt aacaagtata agcttagagg gaatgttaag 780 agttttaacc ttggtggaat ggggtgtagt gctggtgtta tctctatcga tttagctaaa 840 gatatgttgc aagttcatag gaatacttat gctgttgtgg ttagtactga gaacattact 900 cagaattggt attttgggaa taagaaggct atgttgattc cgaattgttt gtttcgtgtt 960 ggtggttcgg cgattttgtt gtcgaacaag gggaaagatc gtagacggtc taagtataag 1020 cttgttcata ccgttaggac tcataaagga gctgttgaga aggctttcaa ctgtgtttac 1080 caagagcaag atgataatgg gaagaccggg gtttcgttgt cgaaagatct tatggctata 1140 gctggggaag ctcttaaggc gaatatcact actttaggtc ctttggttct tcctataagt 1200 gagcagattc tgtttttcat gactttggtt acgaagaaac tgtttaactc gaagctgaag 1260 ccgtatattc cggatttcaa gcttgcgttt gatcatttct gtatccatgc tggtggtaga 1320 gctgtgattg atgagcttga gaagaatctg cagctttcgc agactcatgt cgaggcatcc 1380 agaatgacac tgcacagatt tggaaacact tcttcgagct cgatttggta tgaactggct 1440 tacatagagg ctaaaggtag gatgaagaaa ggaaaccggg tttggcagat tgcttttgga 1500 agtgggttta agtgtaacag tgcagtttgg gtggctctaa acaatgtcaa gccttcggtt 1560 agtagtccgt gggaacactg catcgaccga tatccggtta agctcgactt c 1611 10 537 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 10 Ser Ser Tyr Val Arg Ala Phe Ile Cys Thr Asn Ser His Lys Val Phe 1 5 10 15 Asn Phe Ile Pro Phe Phe Ser Glu Ala Met Glu Ala Ala Asn Glu Pro 20 25 30 Val Asn Gly Gly Ser Val Gln Ile Arg Thr Glu Asn Asn Glu Arg Arg 35 40 45 Lys Leu Pro Asn Phe Leu Gln Ser Val Asn Met Lys Tyr Val Lys Leu 50 55 60 Gly Tyr His Tyr Leu Ile Thr His Leu Phe Lys Leu Cys Leu Val Pro 65 70 75 80 Leu Met Ala Val Leu Val Thr Glu Ile Ser Arg Leu Thr Thr Asp Asp 85 90 95 Leu Tyr Gln Ile Trp Leu His Leu Gln Tyr Asn Leu Val Ala Phe Ile 100 105 110 Phe Leu Ser Ala Leu Ala Ile Phe Gly Ser Thr Val Tyr Ile Met Ser 115 120 125 Arg Pro Arg Ser Val Tyr Leu Val Asp Tyr Ser Cys Tyr Leu Pro Pro 130 135 140 Glu Ser Leu Gln Val Lys Tyr Gln Lys Phe Met Asp His Ser Lys Leu 145 150 155 160 Ile Glu Asp Phe Asn Glu Ser Ser Leu Glu Phe Gln Arg Lys Ile Leu 165 170 175 Glu Arg Ser Gly Leu Gly Glu Glu Thr Tyr Leu Pro Glu Ala Leu His 180 185 190 Cys Ile Pro Pro Arg Pro Thr Met Met Ala Ala Arg Glu Glu Ser Glu 195 200 205 Gln Val Met Phe Gly Ala Leu Asp Lys Leu Phe Glu Asn Thr Lys Ile 210 215 220 Asn Pro Arg Asp Ile Gly Val Leu Val Val Asn Cys Ser Leu Phe Asn 225 230 235 240 Pro Thr Pro Ser Leu Ser Ala Met Ile Val Asn Lys Tyr Lys Leu Arg 245 250 255 Gly Asn Val Lys Ser Phe Asn Leu Gly Gly Met Gly Cys Ser Ala Gly 260 265 270 Val Ile Ser Ile Asp Leu Ala Lys Asp Met Leu Gln Val His Arg Asn 275 280 285 Thr Tyr Ala Val Val Val Ser Thr Glu Asn Ile Thr Gln Asn Trp Tyr 290 295 300 Phe Gly Asn Lys Lys Ala Met Leu Ile Pro Asn Cys Leu Phe Arg Val 305 310 315 320 Gly Gly Ser Ala Ile Leu Leu Ser Asn Lys Gly Lys Asp Arg Arg Arg 325 330 335 Ser Lys Tyr Lys Leu Val His Thr Val Arg Thr His Lys Gly Ala Val 340 345 350 Glu Lys Ala Phe Asn Cys Val Tyr Gln Glu Gln Asp Asp Asn Gly Lys 355 360 365 Thr Gly Val Ser Leu Ser Lys Asp Leu Met Ala Ile Ala Gly Glu Ala 370 375 380 Leu Lys Ala Asn Ile Thr Thr Leu Gly Pro Leu Val Leu Pro Ile Ser 385 390 395 400 Glu Gln Ile Leu Phe Phe Met Thr Leu Val Thr Lys Lys Leu Phe Asn 405 410 415 Ser Lys Leu Lys Pro Tyr Ile Pro Asp Phe Lys Leu Ala Phe Asp His 420 425 430 Phe Cys Ile His Ala Gly Gly Arg Ala Val Ile Asp Glu Leu Glu Lys 435 440 445 Asn Leu Gln Leu Ser Gln Thr His Val Glu Ala Ser Arg Met Thr Leu 450 455 460 His Arg Phe Gly Asn Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ile Trp Tyr Glu Leu Ala 465 470 475 480 Tyr Ile Glu Ala Lys Gly Arg Met Lys Lys Gly Asn Arg Val Trp Gln 485 490 495 Ile Ala Phe Gly Ser Gly Phe Lys Cys Asn Ser Ala Val Trp Val Ala 500 505 510 Leu Asn Asn Val Lys Pro Ser Val Ser Ser Pro Trp Glu His Cys Ile 515 520 525 Asp Arg Tyr Pro Val Lys Leu Asp Phe 530 535 11 1502 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 11 tctccgacga tgcctcaggc accgatgcca gagttctcta gctcggtgaa gctcaagtac 60 gtgaaacttg gttaccaata tttggttaac catttcttga gttttctttt gatcccgatc 120 atggctattg tcgccgttga gcttcttcgg atgggtcctg aagagatcct taatgtttgg 180 aattcactcc agtttgacct agttcaggtt ctatgttctt ccttctttgt catcttcatc 240 tccactgttt acttcatgtc caagccacgc accatctacc tcgttgacta ttcttgttac 300 aagccacctg tcacgtgtcg tgtccccttc gcaactttca tggaacactc tcgtttgatc 360 ctcaaggaca agcctaagag cgtcgagttc caaatgagaa tccttgaacg ttctggcctc 420 ggtgaggaga cttgtctccc tccggctatt cattatattc ctcccacacc aaccatggac 480 gcggctagaa gcgaggctca gatggttatc ttcgaggcca tggacgatct tttcaagaaa 540 accggtctta aacctaaaga cgtcgacatc cttatcgtca actgctctct tttctctccc 600 acaccatcgc tctcagctat ggtcatcaac aaatataagc ttaggagtaa tatcaagagc 660 ttcaatcttt cggggatggg ctgcagcgcg ggcctgatct cagttgatct agcccgcgac 720 ttgctccaag ttcatcccaa ttcaaatgca atcatcgtca gcacggagat cataacgcct 780 aattactatc aaggcaacga gagagccatg ttgttaccca attgtctctt ccgcatgggt 840 gcggcagcca tacacatgtc aaaccgccgg tctgaccggt ggcgagccaa atacaagctt 900 tcccacctcg tccggacaca ccgtggcgct gacgacaagt ctttctactg tgtctacgaa 960 caggaagaca aagaaggaca cgttggcatc aacttgtcca aagatctcat ggccatcgcc 1020 ggtgaagccc tcaaggcaaa catcaccaca ataggtcctt tggtcctacc ggcgtcagaa 1080 caacttctct tcctcacgtc cctaatcgga cgtaaaatct tcaacccgaa atggaaacca 1140 tacataccgg atttcaagct ggccttcgaa cacttttgca ttcacgcagg aggcagagcg 1200 gtgatcgacg agctccaaaa gaatctacaa ctatcaggag aacacgttga ggcctcaaga 1260 atgacactac atcgttttgg taacacgtca tcttcatcgt tatggtacga gcttagctac 1320 atcgagtcta aagggagaat gaggagaggc gatcgcgttt ggcaaatcgc gtttgggagt 1380 ggtttcaagt gtaactctgc cgtgtggaag tgtaaccgta cgattaagac acctaaggac 1440 ggaccatggt ccgattgtat cgaccgttac cctgtcttta ttcccgaagt tgtcaaactc 1500 ta 1502 12 500 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 12 Ser Pro Thr Met Pro Gln Ala Pro Met Pro Glu Phe Ser Ser Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Lys Leu Lys Tyr Val Lys Leu Gly Tyr Gln Tyr Leu Val Asn His Phe 20 25 30 Leu Ser Phe Leu Leu Ile Pro Ile Met Ala Ile Val Ala Val Glu Leu 35 40 45 Leu Arg Met Gly Pro Glu Glu Ile Leu Asn Val Trp Asn Ser Leu Gln 50 55 60 Phe Asp Leu Val Gln Val Leu Cys Ser Ser Phe Phe Val Ile Phe Ile 65 70 75 80 Ser Thr Val Tyr Phe Met Ser Lys Pro Arg Thr Ile Tyr Leu Val Asp 85 90 95 Tyr Ser Cys Tyr Lys Pro Pro Val Thr Cys Arg Val Pro Phe Ala Thr 100 105 110 Phe Met Glu His Ser Arg Leu Ile Leu Lys Asp Lys Pro Lys Ser Val 115 120 125 Glu Phe Gln Met Arg Ile Leu Glu Arg Ser Gly Leu Gly Glu Glu Thr 130 135 140 Cys Leu Pro Pro Ala Ile His Tyr Ile Pro Pro Thr Pro Thr Met Asp 145 150 155 160 Ala Ala Arg Ser Glu Ala Gln Met Val Ile Phe Glu Ala Met Asp Asp 165 170 175 Leu Phe Lys Lys Thr Gly Leu Lys Pro Lys Asp Val Asp Ile Leu Ile 180 185 190 Val Asn Cys Ser Leu Phe Ser Pro Thr Pro Ser Leu Ser Ala Met Val 195 200 205 Ile Asn Lys Tyr Lys Leu Arg Ser Asn Ile Lys Ser Phe Asn Leu Ser 210 215 220 Gly Met Gly Cys Ser Ala Gly Leu Ile Ser Val Asp Leu Ala Arg Asp 225 230 235 240 Leu Leu Gln Val His Pro Asn Ser Asn Ala Ile Ile Val Ser Thr Glu 245 250 255 Ile Ile Thr Pro Asn Tyr Tyr Gln Gly Asn Glu Arg Ala Met Leu Leu 260 265 270 Pro Asn Cys Leu Phe Arg Met Gly Ala Ala Ala Ile His Met Ser Asn 275 280 285 Arg Arg Ser Asp Arg Trp Arg Ala Lys Tyr Lys Leu Ser His Leu Val 290 295 300 Arg Thr His Arg Gly Ala Asp Asp Lys Ser Phe Tyr Cys Val Tyr Glu 305 310 315 320 Gln Glu Asp Lys Glu Gly His Val Gly Ile Asn Leu Ser Lys Asp Leu 325 330 335 Met Ala Ile Ala Gly Glu Ala Leu Lys Ala Asn Ile Thr Thr Ile Gly 340 345 350 Pro Leu Val Leu Pro Ala Ser Glu Gln Leu Leu Phe Leu Thr Ser Leu 355 360 365 Ile Gly Arg Lys Ile Phe Asn Pro Lys Trp Lys Pro Tyr Ile Pro Asp 370 375 380 Phe Lys Leu Ala Phe Glu His Phe Cys Ile His Ala Gly Gly Arg Ala 385 390 395 400 Val Ile Asp Glu Leu Gln Lys Asn Leu Gln Leu Ser Gly Glu His Val 405 410 415 Glu Ala Ser Arg Met Thr Leu His Arg Phe Gly Asn Thr Ser Ser Ser 420 425 430 Ser Leu Trp Tyr Glu Leu Ser Tyr Ile Glu Ser Lys Gly Arg Met Arg 435 440 445 Arg Gly Asp Arg Val Trp Gln Ile Ala Phe Gly Ser Gly Phe Lys Cys 450 455 460 Asn Ser Ala Val Trp Lys Cys Asn Arg Thr Ile Lys Thr Pro Lys Asp 465 470 475 480 Gly Pro Trp Ser Asp Cys Ile Asp Arg Tyr Pro Val Phe Ile Pro Glu 485 490 495 Val Val Lys Leu 500 13 1548 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 13 atggacggtg ccggagaatc acgactcggt ggtgatggtg gtggtgatgg ttctgttgga 60 gttcagatcc gacaaacacg gatgctaccg gattttctcc agagcgtgaa tctcaagtat 120 gtgaaattag gttaccatta cttaatctca aatctcttga ctctctgttt attccctctc 180 gccgttgtta tctccgtcga agcctctcag atgaacccag atgatctcaa acagctctgg 240 atccatctac aatacaatct ggttagtatc atcatctgtt cagcgattct agtcttcggg 300 ttaacggttt atgttatgac ccgacctaga cccgtttact tggttgattt ctcttgttat 360 ctcccacctg atcatctcaa agctccttac gctcggttca tggaacattc tagactcacc 420 ggagatttcg atgactctgc tctcgagttt caacgcaaga tccttgagcg ttctggttta 480 ggggaagaca cttatgtccc tgaagctatg cattatgttc caccgagaat ttcaatggct 540 gctgctagag aagaagctga acaagtcatg tttggtgctt tagataacct tttcgctaac 600 actaatgtga aaccaaagga tattggaatc cttgttgtga attgtagtct ctttaatcca 660 actccttcgt tatctgcaat gattgtgaac aagtataagc ttagaggtaa cattagaagc 720 tacaatctag gcggtatggg ttgcagcgcg ggagttatcg ctgtggatct tgctaaagac 780 atgttgttgg tacataggaa cacttatgcg gttgttgttt ctactgagaa cattactcag 840 aattggtatt ttggtaacaa gaaatcgatg ttgataccga actgcttgtt tcgagttggt 900 ggctctgcgg ttttgctatc gaacaagtcg agggacaaga gacggtctaa gtacaggctt 960 gtacatgtag tcaggactca ccgtggagca gatgataaag ctttccgttg tgtttatcaa 1020 gagcaggatg atacagggag aaccggggtt tcgttgtcga aagatctaat ggcgattgca 1080 ggggaaactc tcaaaaccaa tatcactaca ttgggtcctc ttgttctacc gataagtgag 1140 cagattctct tctttatgac tctagttgtg aagaagctct ttaacggtaa agtgaaaccg 1200 tatatcccgg atttcaaact tgctttcgag catttctgta tccatgctgg tggaagagct 1260 gtgatcgatg agttagagaa gaatctgcag ctttcaccag ttcatgtcga ggcttcgagg 1320 atgactcttc atcgatttgg taacacatct tcgagctcca tttggtatga attggcttac 1380 attgaagcga agggaaggat gcgaagaggt aatcgtgttt ggcaaatcgc gttcggaagt 1440 ggatttaaat gtaatagcgc gatttgggaa gcattaaggc atgtgaaacc ttcgaacaac 1500 agtccttggg aagattgtat tgacaagtat ccggtaactt taagttat 1548 14 516 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 14 Met Asp Gly Ala Gly Glu Ser Arg Leu Gly Gly Asp Gly Gly Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Gly Ser Val Gly Val Gln Ile Arg Gln Thr Arg Met Leu Pro Asp Phe 20 25 30 Leu Gln Ser Val Asn Leu Lys Tyr Val Lys Leu Gly Tyr His Tyr Leu 35 40 45 Ile Ser Asn Leu Leu Thr Leu Cys Leu Phe Pro Leu Ala Val Val Ile 50 55 60 Ser Val Glu Ala Ser Gln Met Asn Pro Asp Asp Leu Lys Gln Leu Trp 65 70 75 80 Ile His Leu Gln Tyr Asn Leu Val Ser Ile Ile Ile Cys Ser Ala Ile 85 90 95 Leu Val Phe Gly Leu Thr Val Tyr Val Met Thr Arg Pro Arg Pro Val 100 105 110 Tyr Leu Val Asp Phe Ser Cys Tyr Leu Pro Pro Asp His Leu Lys Ala 115 120 125 Pro Tyr Ala Arg Phe Met Glu His Ser Arg Leu Thr Gly Asp Phe Asp 130 135 140 Asp Ser Ala Leu Glu Phe Gln Arg Lys Ile Leu Glu Arg Ser Gly Leu 145 150 155 160 Gly Glu Asp Thr Tyr Val Pro Glu Ala Met His Tyr Val Pro Pro Arg 165 170 175 Ile Ser Met Ala Ala Ala Arg Glu Glu Ala Glu Gln Val Met Phe Gly 180 185 190 Ala Leu Asp Asn Leu Phe Ala Asn Thr Asn Val Lys Pro Lys Asp Ile 195 200 205 Gly Ile Leu Val Val Asn Cys Ser Leu Phe Asn Pro Thr Pro Ser Leu 210 215 220 Ser Ala Met Ile Val Asn Lys Tyr Lys Leu Arg Gly Asn Ile Arg Ser 225 230 235 240 Tyr Asn Leu Gly Gly Met Gly Cys Ser Ala Gly Val Ile Ala Val Asp 245 250 255 Leu Ala Lys Asp Met Leu Leu Val His Arg Asn Thr Tyr Ala Val Val 260 265 270 Val Ser Thr Glu Asn Ile Thr Gln Asn Trp Tyr Phe Gly Asn Lys Lys 275 280 285 Ser Met Leu Ile Pro Asn Cys Leu Phe Arg Val Gly Gly Ser Ala Val 290 295 300 Leu Leu Ser Asn Lys Ser Arg Asp Lys Arg Arg Ser Lys Tyr Arg Leu 305 310 315 320 Val His Val Val Arg Thr His Arg Gly Ala Asp Asp Lys Ala Phe Arg 325 330 335 Cys Val Tyr Gln Glu Gln Asp Asp Thr Gly Arg Thr Gly Val Ser Leu 340 345 350 Ser Lys Asp Leu Met Ala Ile Ala Gly Glu Thr Leu Lys Thr Asn Ile 355 360 365 Thr Thr Leu Gly Pro Leu Val Leu Pro Ile Ser Glu Gln Ile Leu Phe 370 375 380 Phe Met Thr Leu Val Val Lys Lys Leu Phe Asn Gly Lys Val Lys Pro 385 390 395 400 Tyr Ile Pro Asp Phe Lys Leu Ala Phe Glu His Phe Cys Ile His Ala 405 410 415 Gly Gly Arg Ala Val Ile Asp Glu Leu Glu Lys Asn Leu Gln Leu Ser 420 425 430 Pro Val His Val Glu Ala Ser Arg Met Thr Leu His Arg Phe Gly Asn 435 440 445 Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ile Trp Tyr Glu Leu Ala Tyr Ile Glu Ala Lys 450 455 460 Gly Arg Met Arg Arg Gly Asn Arg Val Trp Gln Ile Ala Phe Gly Ser 465 470 475 480 Gly Phe Lys Cys Asn Ser Ala Ile Trp Glu Ala Leu Arg His Val Lys 485 490 495 Pro Ser Asn Asn Ser Pro Trp Glu Asp Cys Ile Asp Lys Tyr Pro Val 500 505 510 Thr Leu Ser Tyr 515 15 25 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 15 ctcgaggagc aatgacgtcc gttaa 25 16 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 16 ctcgagttag gaccgaccgt tttg 24 17 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 17 ctcgagcaag tccactacca cgca 24 18 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 18 ctcgagcgag tcagaaggaa caaa 24 19 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 19 gataatttag agaggcacag ggt 23 20 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 20 gtcgacacaa gaatgggtag atccaa 26 21 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 21 cagttcctca aacgaagcta 20 22 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 22 gtcgacttct caatggacgg tgccgga 27 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:12, and SEQ ID NO:14.
 2. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO:2.
 3. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO:4.
 4. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO:6.
 5. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO:12.
 6. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO:14.
 7. An isolated polynucleotide, wherein said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of: a) SEQ ID NO:1; b) SEQ ID NO:3; c) SEQ ID NO:5; d) SEQ ID NO:7; e) SEQ ID NO:9; f) SEQ ID NO:11; g) SEQ ID NO:13; h) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:1; i) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:3; j) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:5; k) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:7; l) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:9; m) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:11; n) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:13; o) a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a), b), c), d), e), f), g), h), i), j), k), l), m), or n); and p) a nucleic acid fragment of a), b), c), f), g), h), i), j), m), n), or o) that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
 8. A transgenic plant containing a nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: a) SEQ ID NO:1; b) SEQ ID NO:3; c) SEQ ID NO:5; d) SEQ ID NO:7; e) SEQ ID NO:9; f) SEQ ID NO:11; g) SEQ ID NO:13; h) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:1; i) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:3; j) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:5; k) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:7; l) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:9; m) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:11; n) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:13; o) a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a), b), c), d), e), f), g), h), i), j), k), l), m), or n); and p) a nucleic acid fragment of a), b), c), f), g), h), i), j), m), n), or o) that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
 9. The plant of claim 8, wherein said construct further comprises a regulatory element operably linked to said polynucleotide.
 10. The plant of claim 9, wherein said regulatory element is a tissue-specific promoter.
 11. The plant of claim 10, wherein said regulatory element is an epidermal cell-specific promoter.
 12. The plant of claim 10, wherein said regulatory element is a seed-specific promoter that is operably linked in sense orientation to said polynucleotide.
 13. The plant of claim 12, wherein said plant has altered levels of very long chain fatty acids in seeds compared to the levels in a plant lacking said nucleic acid construct.
 14. A transgenic plant containing a nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, and SEQ ID NO:14.
 15. The plant of claim 14, wherein said construct further comprises a regulatory element operably linked to said polynucleotide.
 16. The plant of claim 15, wherein said regulatory element is a tissue-specific promoter.
 17. The plant of claim 16, wherein said regulatory element is an epidermal cell-specific promoter.
 18. The plant of claim 16, wherein said regulatory element is a seed-specific promoter that is operably linked in sense orientation to said polynucleotide.
 19. The plant of claim 18, wherein said plant has altered levels of very long chain fatty acids in seeds compared to the levels in a plant lacking said nucleic acid construct.
 20. A method of altering the levels of very long chain fatty acids in a plant, comprising the steps of: a) creating a nucleic acid construct, said construct comprising a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: a) SEQ ID NO:1; b) SEQ ID NO:3; c) SEQ ID NO:5; d) SEQ ID NO:7; e) SEQ ID NO:9; f) SEQ ID NO:11; g) SEQ ID NO:13; h) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:1; i) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:3; j) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:5; k) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:7; l) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:9; m) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:11; n) an RNA analog of SEQ ID NO:13; o) a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a), b), c), d), e), f), g), h), i), j), k), l), m), or n); and p) a nucleic acid fragment of a), b), c), f), g), h), i), j), m), n), or o) that is at least 100 nucleotides in length; and b) introducing said construct into said plant, wherein said polynucleotide is effective for altering the levels of very long chain fatty acids in said plant.
 21. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 22. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.
 23. The plant of claim 10, wherein said nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
 24. The plant of claim 23, wherein said regulatory element is an epidermal cell-specific promoter.
 25. The plant of claim 23, wherein said nucleic acid fragment is operably linked in antisense orientation to said regulatory element.
 26. The plant of claim 10, wherein said nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid fragment of SEQ ID NO:3 that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
 27. The plant of claim 26, wherein said regulatory element is an epidermal cell-specific promoter.
 28. The plant of claim 26, wherein said nucleic acid fragment is operably linked in antisense orientation to said regulatory element.
 29. The plant of claim 10, wherein said nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid fragment of SEQ ID NO:5 that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
 30. The plant of claim 29, wherein said regulatory element is an epidermal cell-specific promoter.
 31. The plant of claim 29, wherein said nucleic acid fragment is operably linked in antisense orientation to said regulatory element.
 32. The plant of claim 10, wherein said nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid fragment of SEQ ID NO:7 that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
 33. The plant of claim 32, wherein said regulatory element is an epidermal cell-specific promoter.
 34. The plant of claim 32, wherein said nucleic acid fragment is operably linked in antisense orientation to said regulatory element.
 35. The plant of claim 10, wherein said nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid fragment of SEQ ID NO:9 that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
 36. The plant of claim 35, wherein said regulatory element is an epidermal cell-specific promoter.
 37. The plant of claim 35, wherein said nucleic acid fragment is operably linked in antisense orientation to said regulatory element.
 38. The plant of claim 10, wherein said nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid fragment of SEQ ID NO:11 that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
 39. The plant of claim 38, wherein said regulatory element is an epidermal cell-specific promoter.
 40. The plant of claim 38, wherein said nucleic acid fragment is operably linked in antisense orientation to said regulatory element.
 41. The plant of claim 10, wherein said nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid fragment of SEQ ID NO:13 that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
 42. The plant of claim 41, wherein said regulatory element is an epidermal cell-specific promoter.
 43. The plant of claim 41, wherein said nucleic acid fragment is operably linked in antisense orientation to said regulatory element.
 44. The plant of claim 16, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 45. The plant of claim 16, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 46. The plant of claim 16, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.
 47. The plant of claim 16, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 48. The plant of claim 16, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.
 49. The plant of claim 16, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12.
 50. The plant of claim 16, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.
 51. The plant of claim 17, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 52. The plant of claim 17, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 53. The plant of claim 17, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.
 54. The plant of claim 17, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 55. The plant of claim 17, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.
 56. The plant of claim 17, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12.
 57. The plant of claim 17, wherein said regulatory element is operably linked in sense orientation to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.
 58. The plant of claim 18, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 59. The plant of claim 18, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 60. The plant of claim 18, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.
 61. The plant of claim 18, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 62. The plant of claim 18, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.
 63. The plant of claim 18, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12.
 64. The plant of claim 18, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14. 